2014年考博英语模拟试题卷

31. According to the passage, which of the following is the author’s opinion?

A. All criminals should be required to carry cards which read: Fragile: Handle with Care.

B. Capital punishment is the only way to deter criminals.

C. Society is to blame.

D. All criminals need hospital treatment.

32. The tone taken by the author towards these defenders of crime in the passage is .

A. ironical. B. critical. C. agitated. D. controversial.

33. “Capital punishment” most probably means .

A. life sentence. B. severe punishment C. fine. D. sentence of death

34. The word “deterrent” in the third paragraph refers to .

A. something fearsome that can prevent or discourage from acting

B. an influencing or determining element or factor

C. a cleansing substance

D. a catch that locks the movement of one part of a mechanism.

35. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. There has been a marked trend in society towards the humane treatment of less fortunate members.

B. Everybody in society thinks it reasonable that all criminals should be punished.

C. The author sympathizes with all criminals.

D. Robbers usually think twice before shooting.

Passage Three

(1) In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation ahs not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed inDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy, andIsrael. Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.

(2) There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.

(3) Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.

36. According to the author, which of the following is NOT TRUE?

A. Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.

B. The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal does not prove to be always feasible.

C. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.

D. In some countries there are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.

37. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?

A. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.

B. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.

C. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society.

D. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his life-time.

38. The word “impair” at the end of the second paragraph can best be replaced by .

A. neglect B. weaken C. come together with D. be superior to

39. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when .

A. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious result

B. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stopped

C. standard methods of resuscitation have failed

D. the brain is certainly dead

40. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

A. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.

B. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.

C. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.

D. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.

Ⅱ. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)

(41) By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others- they are people against whom we measure others. They are men and women recognized for shaping our nation’s consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them. (42) Yet some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us-- an artifact of the past. Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and becauseAmericais at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one. Furthermore, the overall crime rate is down, poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy, and advances continue to be made in medical science. (43) Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons – media superstars such as actors, actresses, sports celebrities, television personalities, and people who are simply famous for being famous.

Cultural icons are harder to define but we know them when we see them. They are people who manage to transcend celebrity, who are legendary, who somehow manage to become mythic. But what makes some fires icons and others mere celebrities? That’s hard to answer. In part, their lives have the quality of a story. For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince, bore a king, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true love. (44) Good looks certainly help. So does a special indefinable charisma, with the help of the media. (45) But nothing becomes an icon more than a tragic and early death --- such as Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, and Princess Diana.

Part Three: Cloze Test

Direction: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)

There are many explanations (46) why UFOs visit the earth. The most popular one is that they may contain visitors from other planet. To make such an aircraft, the builders must develop different forms of aviation, (47) they seem to fly much faster than normal aircraft. The UFOs, it is believed, (48) contain scientist form other planets who are studying life (49) earth. It is even believed that several such aircraft may have (50) on earth, and some of these space visitors may be living among us.

But there are also less reasonable explanations available. (51) some sightings of UFOs are difficult to explain, most can be explained quite easily. In many (52) the observers might have made a mistake. They might have seen a weather balloon or an aircraft. Or the light they saw in the sky might have been light from the ground (53) onto the clouds. (54) , the exact cause of many sightings still remains a (55

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