南京林业大学往年考博英语样题

　　II. Translation (25%)

　　Section A

　　Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.

　　According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (1) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (2)“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

　　(3)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. Then modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

　　(4)The centerpiece of the argument of a technology---yes, genius---no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

　　Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (5)Whether the Governments should increase the financing of pure science at the experience of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

　　Section B

　　Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.

　　人们第一次走进新的文化都会有文化冲击感。所谓的文化冲击感就是某个新文化对刚刚跨入其领域的人的影响。文化的差异会给他们带来预料不到的问题，而这些问题会使他们感到震惊，故此把这样现象叫做文化冲击感。

　　对大多数人来说，最困难的问题是感情方面的适应。对于新文化，他们一会儿觉得很好，一会儿又觉得不好。所以出国访问者和移民对新的国家往往既恨又爱。如果他们找不到适应感或归属感，很快就会感到孤独和孤立。

　　III. Writing (15%)

　　Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in no less than 120 words. Write a composition on the information shown in the following table. Write down the conclusions you draw from the figures about the various ways in which people spent their holidays in 2005 as compared with 1995. Attempt to explain the reasons for these differences. You must write your composition in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.

　　Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays

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