2023年医学考博英语写作考核标准

2023年医学考博英语写作考核标准

　考博英语是考博中重点考察的科目，想要更好的拿到高分成绩，对于同学来说，大家在实际的备考中，需要更全面的复习。考博英语考察的内容比较多，基础词汇、听力、阅读以及翻译技巧，还有写作，这是都是一套卷子的基本构成。那么对于每个部分，应该进行有针对性的训练。下面小编为大家整理了“2023年医学考博英语写作考核标准”，供大家参考。

　　例：

　　Joe I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the

　　country. We were like young kids buying our camper stocking it with all the

　　necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early

　　spring from Minneapolis headed west across the northern part of the country.

　　We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at

　　his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern

　　regions very much, so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

　　本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the

　　country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences(不相干的句子)，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb

　　pie，这一段是讲的是Joe I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement

　　dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。

　　完整性

　　正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。

　　例：Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work

　　concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to

　　work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

　　本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical

　　work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。

　　例：It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thouswords.

　　Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to

　　figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain

　　it.

　　段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。

　　例：It is not always true that a picture is worth a thouswords.

　　Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim fall in the

　　river start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of

　　yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?

　　连贯性

　　连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。

　　1、意连

　　段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

　　A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)

　　We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously

　　late we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room

　　staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving

　　in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the

　　heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over we had to use most of our

　　drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our

　　o'clock we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us we started the

　　tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the

　　desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling Andrew very nearly went down

　　a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed me along with him. By nine, when the wind

　　howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for

　　warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

　　本段从“rose”(起床)写起，然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine

　　o'clock”)，然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。

　　B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。

　　例如： From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we

　　could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter

　　than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice

　　that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular

　　one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the

　　pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful

　　Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which

　　only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a

　　steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda the light changed

　　dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine we could see out

　　for miles across the flat land.

　　本段的写法是由远及近，从远处(“from a distance”)写起，然后“get closer”，再到(“ten feet

　　away”)，最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。

　　C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)

　　a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)

　　If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in

　　expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to

　　express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step

　　up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others

　　through the spoken or the written word. the further away your job is from

　　manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more

　　important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or

　　speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government,

　　the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps

　　the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

　　这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little

　　importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。

　　b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

　　If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been

　　careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of

　　forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking

　　his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a

　　sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any

　　of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched

　　pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took

　　place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A

　　—— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to

　　provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word

　　incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that

　　"sanguine" "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody

　　big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

　　这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个

　　"perhaps"加以例证。

　　c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)

　　I do not understwhy people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one

　　I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a

　　quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep

　　her distance from people, exert her independence is never so rude as to beg,

　　lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes

　　closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand,

　　loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He

　　expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do

　　anything, whether it was decorous or not, he usually offended my friends in

　　some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television,

　　across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The

　　difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

　　本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。

　　2、形连

　　行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：

　　Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he

　　had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his

　　studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, math. Because he worked

　　constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter

　　forgot that he needed to other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a

　　result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English

　　Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects he was almost unable to

　　graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward

　　realizing his goal.

　　本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语(transitional words or

　　phrases)，另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first, though, so, in

　　particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently,

　　and, finally.后者依次是：he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these,

　　his.

　　本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写120个词也是不无好处的。

　　一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.我们看下面一个例子： 　　Speaking writing are

　　different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols.

　　Speech developed about 500 000 en211ago. Written language is arecent

　　development. It was invented only about six thousyears ago. Speech is

　　usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal.

　　Pronunciation accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation

　　accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction spelling system prevails

　　in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness,

　　rise fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness the rise

　　fall of the voice. Careful speakers writers are aware of the

　　differences.

　　本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的"it"之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语.这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：

　　Speaking writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds;

　　writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500

　　000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about

　　six thousyears ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of

　　writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation

　　accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because

　　a standard diction spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies

　　on gesture, loudness, the rise fall of the voice, but writing lacks

　　these features. Careful speakers writers are aware of the differences.

　　有损连贯性的几种情况：

　　考博考生在考博英语写作中经常出现下面几种错误：

　　(1)不必要的改变时态，比如： In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his

　　office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he

　　takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to

　　die down, but they come after him anyway.

　　(2)不必要的改变单复数，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to

　　be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon

　　run out of pleasure life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the

　　deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work in relationships.

　　(3)不必要的改变人称，比如： Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their

　　children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in

　　the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do

　　things together know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of

　　your own realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor

　　togetherness therefore sponsor knowledge.

　　因此考博英语写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。

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