考博英语词汇解答技巧-副词

2014-04-13 09:19:18来源:网络

考博英语词汇解答技巧-副词

  副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。

  (一) 副词的分类

  副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类:

  1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。

  2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。

  3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。

  4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。

  5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。

  6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。

  (二)副词的用法

  1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly.

  2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him.

  3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast.

  4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind.

  5. 修饰不定代词和数词:

  Nearly everybody came to out party.

  7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy.

  9. 修饰全句:

  Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven.

  (三)副词的构成

  1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。

  2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。

  3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。

  4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。

  5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。

  6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。

  7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike,

  round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。

  8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。

  9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。

  (四)与形容词同形的副词

  有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如:

  We had an early breakfast.

  We had breakfast early.

  early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。

  (五)兼有两种形式的副词

  有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如:

  1. close做“近”解:

  He lives close to the school.

  He was following close behind.

  做其他解释时用closely:

  Watch what I do closely.

  The prisons were closely guarded.

  2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解:

  She stopped dead.

  在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解:

  He was dead tired.

  The wind was dead against us.

  deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解,

  例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。

  3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解:

  The train goes there direct.

  The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris.

  做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly:

  He was looking directly at us.

  She answered me very directly and openly.

  directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解:

  Answer me directly.

  Let's meet directly after lunch.

  有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句:

  They looked around.

  Let’s go on with the work.

  上面两句中的around和on都是副词。

  (六)副词的词序

  1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。

  The building is very high.

  He came long before the appointed time.

  2. 副词修饰动词。

  不及物动词+副词:She speaks well.

  及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well.

  3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。

  I was born in Zhejiang in 1963.

  4. 频度副词的位置。

  在一般动词前:They always say so.

  有be动词时,在be动词后:

  I am always busy.

  有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished.

  5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者:

  The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China.

  6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。

  地点+状态+次数+时间:

  She arrived there safely the other day.

  程度十状态+地点十时间:

  They played fairly well there yesterday.


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