2023年完形填空常用逻辑关系梳理

2023年完形填空常用逻辑关系梳理

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　　一、转折、让步关系

　　这类逻辑关系词连接的部分语义逻辑相反、不一致，

　　常见连接词：though; but; however; yet; rather than; in fact; still; nevertheless;?while/when; even if/though;?whereas;?on the contrary; contrary to; contrarily; by contrast; in contrast;

　　如：

　　The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,1 this is largely because,?2 ?animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are?3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air,?4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,?5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells,?6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of?7 human smells even when these are?8 to far below one part in one million.

　　5. A. anyway ? B. though ? C. instead ? D. therefore

　　6. A. even if B. if only ? C. only if ? D. as if

　　第5空前?“in?fact” 就表明前后文语义逻辑不一致，前文着重阐述“人类的鼻子是一种被低估的工具”，其言下之意为“人们认为鼻子对气味不敏感”，而第5空后陈述“我们对气味特别敏锐”这一事实，因此5空需要填一个转折对比连词，因而第5空选B。接着第6空后表明“我们通常没有意识到这一点”。这与前半句“我们对气味特别敏锐”又是一个相反逻辑，故第6空选A。

　　二、举例关系

　　这类逻辑关系词连接的部分语义逻辑一致，但范围大小不同。通常是从抽象到具体或者说从概括到例子的过程。

　　常见连接词：for example/for instance; such as; including; first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…等

　　如：

　　The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors?19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals?20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.

　　20. A. similar to B. such as ?C. along with D. aside from

　　20题空前文是“unfamiliar and emergency signals不熟悉或紧急的信号”;空格后是由which引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰“the smell of smoke”可能表明“有火灾危险的烟味”。不熟悉的或紧急信号”和空格后的“烟味”与存在一种包含的关系，且signals用的是复数形式，显然“烟味”它属于一种信号，因此20空应填入“such as”，表示举例关系。

　　三、并列、递进关系：

　　并列递进逻辑也是一致的，连接词前后两个部分应该是属于同一语义范畴内，通常并列的两部分语义相关，句子结构也趋于相同，成分地位相当。

　　常见连接词：or; and; as well as; also; too;?even; in particular; then; indeed; further; furthermore; moreover; what’s more; besides; in addition;

　　如：

　　In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,?1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker.

　　1. ?A. by way of B. as well as ?C. on behalf of D. with regard to

　　首先，本空之后的“those of the young woman” 与之前 的 “his parents and his friends” 和之后的 “a matchmaker” 均做谓语动词 “involve” 的宾语，且这三个宾语平行并列。其中“his parents and his friends” 与 “a matchmaker” 之间的并列关系原文已经通过已知线索 “not only…but also” 说明，“those” 指代前面的父母和朋友，本句的意思是选择配偶不仅涉及年轻男子的父母和朋友以及年轻女子的父母朋友，也涉及媒人。故本空应选择能同样表达并列关系的词组即选项B.

　　四、因果关系

　　因果连接词连接的两部分通常是因导致果，或者是前一句为结果，后面解释原因，重点要明白哪个是因哪个是果。

　　常见连接词有：in that; because; as;?for; because of; due to; thanks to; so; so/such…that…; thus; therefore; hence; consequently等

　　如：

　　Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious___1__to how they can best___2__ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and___3__, but not just in ways that emphasize competition.__4___they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __5__ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are __6__ by others.

　　4. A. If B. Although C. Whereas D. Because

　　这一段首句阐述“教师们需意识到青少年经历的情绪、智力和生理变化”，第二句主语they仍指教师，由also判定该句与上一句为并列关系，阐述教师该如何应对青少年的这些变化，两者之间应为因果关系。而在空格所在句中?“they”指代?“teenagers”，第4空后分句意为“他们将适应新的身体和一系列新的智力和情绪挑战”，再次重申上述变化，接着说明“青少年尤其自觉并需要……”，意在阐述青少年这一角色自身该如何应对。因此，空格所在句前后两个分句也应为因果关联，故选D。

　　五、条件关系

　　这种关系连接的两部分通常是一方以另外一方为条件。要么是前部分是后部分的条件，要么后部分是前部分的前提。

　　常用逻辑词有if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, in case, suppose that 等。

　　如：

　　He can continue to support himself and his family__2__ he produces a surplus.

　　2. A. only if B. much as C. long before D. ever since

　　这道题原文是有关农业经济的文章，主线是讨论农民储存余粮的必要性。而这句话空前表述“他能继续养活自己和家庭”;空后表示“他有生产盈余”。根据对文章主题的分析以及空前后句的表述，可以很确定前后句的逻辑关系为：空后是空前的条件。故这道题选表条件逻辑的A选项。

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