上海交通大学1999年秋季英语博士生入学考试题（二）

　　上海交通大学1999年秋季英语博士生入学考试题（二）

These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.

　　76. Consumers have waken up because of

　　A) the poor products they bought

　　B) the high price they paid for what they bought C) the difficult economic times

　　D) a horrible dream

　　77. Many consumers are choosing the commodities

　　A) that are precious

　　B) that are warranted

　　C) that can show their status

　　D) that deliver the most for the money

　　78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the products

　　A) that were most expensive

　　B) that were up-to-date

　　C) that could show their status D) that were in fashion

　　79. Communications with customers malj be improved

　　A) through annual customers congress

　　B) through ton free 800 numbers

　　C)through membership clubs

　　D) through frequent education

　　80. A value marketing program may not include

　　A)daily visits to customers

　　B)longer warranties

　　C)membership clubs

　　D)environmentally friendly packages

　　Passage Three

　　Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.

　　There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.

　　The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.

　　Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.

　　Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.

　　A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.

　　Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling„ like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.

　　81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage because

　　A) their insults fail to offend their opponent

　　B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponent

　　C) they suffer from remorse for what they've said

　　D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds

　　82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__ - A) physically violent

　　B) extremely IYitter

　　C) essentially trivial

　　D) sincerely regretted

　　83.when quarrelling， both children and married couples may, according to the writer

　　A) be particularly brutal

　　B) use politeness as a weapon

　　C) employ skillful manoeuvres

　　D) exaggerate their feelings

　　84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be that

　　A) the former involves individual egos

　　B) the former concerns strong points of view

　　C) the latter has well-established miles

　　D) the latter concerns trivial issues

　　85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it were

　　A) a military campaign

　　B) a social skill

　　C) a moral evil

　　D) a natural gilt

　　Passage Four

　　`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. You see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'

　　It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.

　　But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.

　　Nobody took a couple of ties- they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lot

　　'If the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier. Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air.

　　Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'

　　86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting because

　　A) it was beneath his dignity

　　B) the penalties were too high

　　C) it wasn't challenging enough

　　D) the risks were too great

　　87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-lifters

　　A) were I their teens

　　B) stole modest amounts

　　C) used violent methods

　　D) stole for excitement

　　88. The; role of the first member of the gang is to

　　A) convince the staff he's a serious shopper

　　B) remove die goods from the shelves

　　C) establish the easiest goods to steal

　　D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .

　　89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act by

　　A) passing goods from one to another

　　B) hiding behind ordinary shoppers

　　C) racing for the nearest exit

　　D) concealing goods in ordinary bath

　　90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:

　　.A) seem unable to decide what to buy

　　B) openly signal to apparent strangers

　　C) are unusually chatty to assistants

　　D) set off towards emergency exits

　　Passage Five

　　Perhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own

I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants t

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