中国科学院大学考博英语试题样题

　　PART III READING COMPREHENSION

　　Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

　　Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

　　Passage 1

　　The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.

　　A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.

　　The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.

　　As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.

　　36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.

　　A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical event

　　B. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpreted

　　C. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical event

　　D. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive

　　37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.

　　A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an event

　　B. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the event

　　C. determining the common strands that make up a historical event

　　D. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value

　　38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis” would be ______________.

　　A. combining elements of different material into a unified whole

　　B. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an event

　　C. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an event

　　D. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself

　　39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.

　　A. the events in history are more important than the people who make history

　　B. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical events

　　C. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular action

　　D. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base

　　40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?

　　A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.

　　B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.

　　C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.

　　D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.

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