2022年如何精读考博英语阅读理解文章

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　　第一部分 阅读原文和试题

　　Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso’s painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particularly produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

　　反例This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little a?bearing on its aesthetic worth, because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. 正例On the other hand, Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

　　1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the_________.

　　(A)basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation

　　(B)byproduct of an aesthetic experience

　　(C)tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular

　　(D)result of highly creative scientific activity

　　2. The author implies that Beethoven’s music was strikingly original because Beethoven______.

　　(A)strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limits

　　(B)fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategy

　　(C)embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded him

　　(D)manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in a highly innovative fashion

　　3. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are_________.

　　(A)unjustifiably ignored by musicologists

　　(B)not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music

　　(C)among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a musical production

　　(D)often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle of organization was introduced

　　4. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:

　　(A)Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

　　(B)Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

　　(C)Is Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?

　　(D)Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

　　5. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with____.

　　(A)deep skepticism?　(B)strong indignation

　　(C)marked indifference(D)moderate amusement

　　第二部分 ?文章精分析

　　一篇文章是有若干个段落组成的，每个段落是由若干个句子组成的。我们阅读时需要掌握这些句子之间的逻辑关系以及这些段落的逻辑关系，从而了解作者的行文思路。

　　第一段各句分析：

　　一、

　　Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.?According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization.

　　文章第一段的第1、2句话通过理论事实引入本文话题。

　　第一句话：开篇提出：非凡的创造性活动是革命性的，后面flying in the ….accepted是来进一步解释revolutionary一词的。

　　第二句话：通过this formulation,可知是对第一句话的总结。提出了一种理论：极富创造力的活动超越了现有形式的局限，并确立了新的组织原则。

　　由此可知这两句话是：因果关系。

　　二、

　　(主题句)However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading?when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.?

　　第三句话： 通过However笔锋一转，说明前面的理论不适用于艺术，而只是适用于科学。可知这是全篇的主旨句。

　　三、

　　(细节支撑句----解释原因)Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.?(解释科学)For the sciences,?a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. (解释艺术---举例子支撑)Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.?(解释艺术)The goal of highly creative?art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act.?(解释艺术---举例子支撑)Shakespeare’s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso’s painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism.(总结句---再次强调主题)What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.?Aesthetic?particularly?produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.?

　　分析：本部分是针对第三句话展开说明原因。属于阅读中的次要信息，粗略浏览，了解大意即可。首先通过Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part?from a difference in their goals可知后面谈论的是艺术和科学的不同点在于它们的目标。接着分别解释科学和艺术的不同，并各自通过举例来支撑观点。主要解释了：对于科学来说，一个新的理论是创造性活动的目标和最终结果。对于艺术来说，现象本身成为创造性行为的直接产物。最后自然得出结论：美学特征利用或拓展了现有形式的局限性，而不是超越了该形式。

　　第二段各句分析：

　　(个别反例)This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind.?(通常情况)More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little a?bearing on its aesthetic worth,?(解释原因并举例)because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata,?are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. (正例1)On the other hand,?Mozart’s?The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.?(正例2)It has been said of Beethoven?that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

　　分析：文章第二段都是细节支撑句，主要通过举例用来支撑第一段最后一句话提出的论点。因此我们阅读时要知道每个例子的作用。首先通过作曲家Monteverdi,的反例说明不排除特殊情况，即既超越了已有限制，又有美学价值。但是表明通常情况不会这样，并举了Florentine Camerata的例子。同时通过莫扎特和贝多芬的事例说明文章的主题：他们的成就没有超越限制，而是对先辈们的规则，形式和传统加以继承和利用。

　　总结：本文属于议论文。主要的论点是：非凡的艺术活动不能超越已有的限制。主要的论证方法是：对比(和科学进行比较)和举例。

　　第三部分 ?试题分析

　　1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the_________.

　　(A)basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation

　　(B)byproduct of an aesthetic experience

　　(C)tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular

　　(D)result of highly creative scientific activity

　　分析：事实细节题。主要考查科学和艺术的不同。答案选D。

　　2. The author implies that Beethoven’s music was strikingly original because Beethoven______.

　　(A)strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limits

　　(B)fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategy

　　(C)embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded him

　　(D)manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in a highly innovative fashion

　　分析：考查贝多芬例子的作用。答案选D。

　　3. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are_________.

　　(A)unjustifiably ignored by musicologists

　　(B)not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music

　　(C)among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a musical production

　　(D)often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle of organization was introduced

　　分析：考查Florentine Camerata例子的作用。答案选B。

　　4. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT_____:

　　(A)Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

　　(B)Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

　　(C)Is Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?

　　(D)Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

　　分析：考查例子的细节理解。答案选D。

　　5. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with____.

　　(A)deep skepticism?　(B)strong indignation

　　(C)marked indifference(D)moderate amusement

　　分析：考查作者得观点态度及文章主旨。通过文章第一段的第三话和最后一句话可知选A。

　　总结：我们做完每道阅读理解题后，如果能对文章句子之间逻辑关系，段落之间逻辑关系，文章主旨大意(主题句)和细节支撑句(举例，打比方，对比，分析原因，说明后果等)有所分析，那么也可以进一步了解命题人设计每一道题的思路，从而真正达到“读一篇，知一类，通晓方法”的效果。

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