哈工大考博英语真题

Passage Four
Questions 23-30 are based on the following passage:
Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.
23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .
A. greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.
B. perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage labor
C. one means by which women achieved greater job security
D. reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious
24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor focused on factory work as a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factory work
A. involved the payment of higher wages
B. required skill in detailed tasks
C. was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation
D. was more readily accepted by women than by men
25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy because
A. fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work
B. the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-term than in factory work
C. women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory work
D. employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaid work associated with homemaking
26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph?
A. They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive “female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.
B. They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’s wages low.
C. They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds of factory work
D. They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.
27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the author mentions in L11 refers to the
A. entry of women into the industrial labor market.
B. Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism
C. Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions
D. Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation
28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?
A. After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.
B. Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers
C. Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.
D. Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.
29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?
A. “patient” (line17)
B. “repetitive” (line18)
C. “hoary” (line19)
D. “homemaking” (line19)
30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?
A. The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.
B. The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic for discussion
C. The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it.
D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed unimportant.
Passage Five
Questions 31-36 are based on the following passage:
Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.
31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
A. illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history.
B. Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation
C. Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries.
D. Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.
32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?
A. The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.
B. The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.
C. A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.
D. Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.
33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
A. A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
B. A division of labor in a social group causes in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
C. A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
D. Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
34. According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that
A. individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims
B. the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated
C. laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed
D. the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes.
35. According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?
A. Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.
B. Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.
C. Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and writing.
D. The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than the welfare of children.
36. The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?
A. They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.
B. They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties.
C. They called repeatedly for international cooperation among women’s groups to achieve their goals.
D. They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought.
Passage Six
Questions 37-40 are based on the following passage:
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skied. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed ! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”
37. The U.S. achieved it s predominance after World War Ⅱbecause .
A. it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
B. its domestic market was eight times larger than before
C. the war and destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
D. the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.
38. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
B. Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
C. Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
D. Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.
39. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
B. Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
C. The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
D. A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
40. the author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the

A. turning of the business cycle
B. restructuring of industry
C. improved business management
D. success in education

Part II
Translate the following passages into Chinese:
Passage One
The technology now being used by the autoworkers on the assembly lines is nothing short of revolutionary. Today’s workers now use smart, microprocessor controlled tools that perform with a precision unheard of a decade ago. The tools operate to the exact inch-pound of torque required, and even have the ability to stop the line if their performance deteriorates. The intelligent tools and assembly systems being used by the U.S. auto industry reflect the challenges the industry has faced and conquered over the past 100 years.
Passage Two
In each generation for thousands of years a few individuals have had the perception, the curiosity, and the imagination to do more than just look at the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere. These individuals have asked “Why?” about such things as these: the blue of the sky; the splendor of the rainbow; the infinite variety and marvelous detail of snowflakes; the changes of temperature from season to season; the short life of a cloud as it forms, grows, decays, and disappears on a summer afternoon.
Passage Three
A European industrialist learned by chance that the United States was singing contracts with scientists in other countries, calling for research into such matters as the function of the frog’s eyes and the learning ability of the octopus. It seemed to him that such studies could not possibly have any practical value. He seriously believed that the United States was employing the foreign scientists to do meaningless work and occupy their time, while American scientists were busy in the really important areas of science. He was unaware of the fact that the United States was spending much more money at home than abroad fro similar studies.
Passage Four
That many contemporary scientists make room for God in their understanding of the cosmos should hardly be surprising. For most of history, religion and science have been siblings—feeding off and sparring with each other –rather than outright adversaries in the common human quest for understanding. Only in the West, and only after the French Enlightenment in the 18th century, did the votaries of science and religions drift into separate ideological camps. And only in the 19th century, after Darwin, was supposed irreconcilability between “God” and “science ” elevated to the status of cultural myth. History tell a different, more complicated story.
Passage Five
For decades, science-fiction writers have envisioned a world in which speech is the most commonly used interface between humans and machines. This is partly a result of our strong desire to make computers behave like human beings. But it is more than that. Speech is natural—we know how to speak before we know how to read and write. Speech is also efficient—most people can speak about five times faster than they can type and probably 10 times faster than they can write. And speech is flexible—we do not have to touch or see anything to carry on a conversation.
Passage Six
His fear was that the business of engineering, defined as the synthesis of invention and innovation fro the extension of man’s capabilities, was being subverted by a lack of creative design courses in U. S. engineering schools. He expressed alarm that Ph. D. candidates often focused on science, not on likely uses for their work. This situation was, he felt, the fallout of a shift in the philosophy of academia. Though engineering schools still taught the fundamentals well, he said, they had failed their students—and society as whole—by emphasizing the “knowledge and skills of analysis to the virtual exclusion of all else.”

Translate the following into English:
Paragraph One
有些计算机科学家正在研究蚂蚁。 他们说， 蚂蚁这种低级昆虫预示软件设计革命的到来。 模仿蚂蚁行为的软件系统不是依赖复杂性的集中式逻辑， 而是利用短小的、自治的软件代理。 这些代理各自根据最简单的规则行事， 但它们集合在一起，可以从整体上看极为复杂的问题。 在上一层，即“蚁群”这一层， 智能从那些简单的规则中， 以常规编程可能难于实现的方式浮现出来。
Paragraph Two
退回到大约二十年前。你在联欢会 上谈论着书籍和电影。有人提出， 将来有一天世界上数百万人会用“。com” 结束他们的谈话。你会小声嘀咕并发问， 人怎么可能会在英语或其他语言中把“。com” 放在一起用呢？那究竟是什么意思呢？于是你开始去谈论体育运动或闲聊其他题。但是现在，“。com”在交谈中已司空见惯，以至于我们感觉它似乎已经在我们 耳边许多年了。

Ⅱ、真题答案
1-5 DCADC 6-10 ACAAC 11-15 BBCDD 16-20 CDDCC 21-25 AADAD

2023考博精品好课，点击图片查看介绍！