哈工大考博英语真题

Passage 1
Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them only very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate, one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal, extensive academic training. Their number cannot be increased under command; they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need -----which is today the case in several nations over the world, including many of the developing countries. The second element is the “collectivity effect”. Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together. This is particularly active at the “interface” between disciplines; for instance, a chemistry idea applied to biology, a mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on.
Passage 2
The phrase “A Law of Nature” is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago. This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses. Human societies have laws. In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done; others are not. This is regarded as part of the nature of things, and generally as an unalterable fact. If customs change, the change is too slow to be observed, later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws, but there was no way of withdrawing old ones. The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones. So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.
Passage 3
Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches, the futurists say. Commercial space activities will probably grow beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades, remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration. Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in space. Uses could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs, making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips. There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant. Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar, permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance, conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back. Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth. The space station may be used as well to stage long –distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.
Passage 4
Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable, we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways, each must be required to interconnect with the others. Likewise, the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards. Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries. To compensate for market oversights, we must enforce regulations to ensure that money-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions, and will be used and operated accordingly
Section Two Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)
Passage 1
当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。真正的解决办法要从重新设计以及最终弥合文明与地球的关系中去寻找。要完成这一点需重新仔细估量导 致这种关系在较近时期内发生剧烈变化的所有各种因素。改变我们与地球关系的途径当然涉及到新技术的发明和应用，但关键的变化将与这种关系本身的新思路有 关。
Passage 2
对于现代科学活动的规模，利用最佳的思想和提供适宜的“熔炉”，已经可以在国际上很好地得以实现。但应该说明的是，长期以来，科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着，而我们今天所要落实到实处的，只是有必使原有的这一过程变为一种更加完善、更加系统的制度。

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