哈工大考博英语真题

Passage 5
Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.
It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.
Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.
There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.
One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.
The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic
physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.
One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.
26 the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.
A the music of the spheres
B music in the abstract
C musical notation
D the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons
27 The passage supports the inference that_______.
A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrong
B the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theories
C tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particles
D it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light
28. The tone of the passage is________.
A critical but hopeful
B hopeful but suspicious
C suspicious but speculative
D speculative but hopeful
29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?
A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.
B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.
C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.
D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.
30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.
A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’s
B plan for time travel
C study particle chambers for tachyon traces
D attempt to improve current notation
31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics
is a_______.
A language
B musical notation
C great hindrance to full understanding of physics
D difficult field of study
32 in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to “scientist” because________.
A he wants to show his respect for them
B philosophers study all things in the world
C the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific question
D the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics
33 when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that_________.
A the tachyon was named before it existed
B tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as mass
C the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.
D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.
Passage 6
Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.
The term “remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.
The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.
A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.

Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.
34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?
A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.
B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.
C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.
D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.
35 A major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography_________.
A cannot be used at night
B cannot focus on the details of a geologic area
C must be chemically processed
D is always enhanced by digital reconstruction
36 Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former_______.
A reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore deposits
B indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuous
C predict the movements of glaciers
D provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits
37.the passage provides information about all of the following topics except.
A the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960s
B some phenomena measured by digital multispectral images in remote sensing
C some of the practical uses of regional geologic maps
D problems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic mapping
38 what does the author mention about “the conventional methods”?
A. They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.
B. They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructing
C They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972
D They are used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic.
39 By using the word “interpretative” in Paragraph 4 , the author indicates .
A. some maps are based more on data from aerial photography than on data from field operations.
B some maps are used almost exclusively on laboratory measurements
C some maps are based on incomplete data from field observations
D some maps show only large geologic features
40 According to the author,________.
A geologic mapping is basically an art and not a science
B geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960s
C geologic mapping will have limited practical applications until remote-sensing systems are perfected
D a developmental milestone in geologic mapping was reached in 1972
Translate the following passages into Chinese

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