北京大学2011年考博英语真题

　　Part Three Cloze Test (10%)

　　Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade. 31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling. Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.

　　I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad，that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid. 38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract. “The nature

　　of intellectual property，” he wrote，“ makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things. ”

　　31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So

　　32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying

　　33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating

　　34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable

　　35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless

　　36. A. so B. this C. that D. much

　　37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate

　　38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing

　　39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up

　　40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquette

　　Part Four Reading Comprehension (20%)

　　Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement，four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Passage One

　　Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab — so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodem cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors ( oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A. D. , Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B. C. concluded: “There is no treatment. ’’

　　The experience of cancer has always been terrible，but，until modem times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever) ; “apoplexies” (what we now call strokes and heart attacks) ; and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption” (tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind — as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modem disease par excellence,” and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity. ”

　　At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be brought about by the stress of modem life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer — notably of the breast and the ovaries — to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine” judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”，and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement ; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,” Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.

　　41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .

　　A. called cancer the crab

　　B. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones

　　C. found out the cause of cancer

　　D. knew about a lot of malignant tumors

　　42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?

　　A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer.

　　B. In the past, people did not fear cancer.

　　C. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement.

　　D. Some physicians believed that one’s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer.

　　43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?

　　A. Modem cancer care is very effective.

　　B. There is a lot more cancer now.

　　C. People understand cancer in radically new ways now.

　　D. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modem cancer world.

　　44. “Neurasthenia” and diabetes are mentioned because •

　　A. they are as fatal as cancer

　　B. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”

　　C. people dread them very much

　　D. they are brought by the high pressure of modern life

　　45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

　　A. The care and management of cancer have developed over time.

　　B. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times.

　　C. Cancer’s identity has never changed.

　　D. Cancer is the price paid for modem life.

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