浙江大学2011年考博英语真题

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全国院校考博英语历年真题汇总

　　Section C Summary writing

　　Section I Listening Comprehension (25marks, 1 mark each)

　　(略)

　　Section II Vocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)

　　Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences In this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet I with a single line through the centre.

　　21. "This light is too for me to read by. Don't we have a bright bulb somewhere?" said the elderly man.

　　A. dim B. slight C. mild D. minute

　　22. Mr. Smith asked his secretary to a new paragraph in the annual report she was typing.

　　A. invade B. install C. insert D. inject

　　23. We have arranged to go to the cinema on Friday, but we can be and go another day.

　　A. probable B. reliable C. flexible D. feasible

　　24. The another of the book has shown his remarkable keen into human nature.

　　A. intellect B. insight C. perception D. understanding

　　25. The brave fireman had fought for days before they managed to the forest fire.

　　A. put on B. put up with C. put off D. put out

　　26. For the reasons, the newspaper is having problems in the north of the country.

　　A. distribution B. regulation C. recognition D. destruction

　　27. During the past years the of automobiles accidents in New York City has decreased.

　　A. degree B. quantity C. number D. amount

　　28. The most students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook.

　　A. gifted B. sensitive C. proficient D. diligent

　　29. They gained great influence by themselves to prominent city institutions.

　　A. detaching B. assigning C. dispatching D. attaching

　　30. She always handled the problems her own experience and principles.

　　A. in the light of B. in the event of C. in the face of D. in the course of

　　31. All parts of this sewing machine are so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.

　　A. maximized B. minimized C. optimized D. standardized

　　32. At a press conference after the award ceremony the 18-year-old girl spoke in a barely voice.

　　A. audible B. optional C. legible D. identical

　　33. Why does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in every way except ?

　　A. ingredients B. elements C. components D. compounds

　　34. He become with the girl reporter who questioned him at press conference.

　　A. observed B. obsessed C. notified D. troubled

　　35. According to a prominent philosopher intolerance is a/an to understanding.

　　A. barrier B. improvement C. foundation D. approach

　　Section DI Close Test (15 marks, 1 mark each)

　　Directions: There are 15 blacks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

　　The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 36 in the United States — about 9 new marriages for every 1, 000 people — is 37 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 38 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 39 of American adults who are married 40 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 41 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 42 in their lives. Experts 43 that about the same proportion of today's young adults will eventually marry.

　　The timing of marriage has varied 44 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and women in the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 45 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 46 in

　　U. S. history. Today's later age of marriage is 47 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 48. Experts do not agree on why the marriage rush" of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 49 to the return of peace and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic 50 and war.

　　36. A. rate B. ratio C. percentage D. poll

　　37. A. potentially B. intentionally C. randomly D. substantially

　　38. A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more

　　39. A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D. A number

　　40. A. declined B. deteriorated C. deduced D. demolished

　　41. A. past B. passing C. throughout D. through

　　42. A. period B. level C. point D. respect

　　43. A. project B. plan C. promise D. propose

　　44. A. unexpectedly B. irregularly C. flexibly D. consistently

　　45. A. Besides B. However C. Whereas D. Nevertheless

　　46. A. descendants B. ascendants C. population D. generation

　　47. A. according to B. in line with C. based on D. caused by

　　48. A. and after B. or after C. or since D. ever since

　　49. A. refusal B. realization C. response D. reality

　　50. A. repression B. aggression C. restriction D. depression

　　Section IV Reading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)

　　Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet I with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　According to Scott Adams, creator of the comic strip (系列漫画)Dilbert, the annual performance review is "one of the most frightening and weakening experiences" in every employee's life. Adam's stories and comic figures poke fun at the workplace, but his characterization of people's feelings about the annual performance review has its serious side. Although a recent study of 437 companies indicates that effective annual performance reviews can help raise profits, most employees of those companies hate them.

　　In theory, annual performance reviews are constructive and positive interactions between managers and employees working together to attain maximum performance and strengthen the organization. In reality, they often create division, undermine morale, and spark anger and jealousy. Thus although the object of the annual performance review is to improve performance, it often has the opposite result. A programmer at an IT firm was stunned to learn at her annual performance review that she was denied a promotion because she wasn't a "term player". What were the data used to make this judgment? She didn't smile in the company photo.

　　Although this story might sound as if it came straight out of Dilbert, it is a true account of one woman's experience. By following a few ideas and guidelines from industry analysis, this kind of ordeal can be avoided:

　　To end the year with a positive and useful performance review, managers and employees must start the year by working together to establish clear goals and expectations.

　　It may be helpful to allow employees to propose a list of people associated with the company who will be in a good position to assess their performance at the end of the year; these people may be co¬workers, suppliers, or even customers.

　　Goals should be measurable but flexible, and everyone should sign off on the plan.

　　By checking employees' progress at about nine months, managers can give them a chance to correct mistakes and provide guidance to those who need it before the year is out.

　　When conducting the review, managers should highlight strengths and weaknesses during the past year and discuss future responsibilities, avoiding punishment or blame.

　　In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.

　　51. In his comic strip Dilbert, Scott Adams .

　　A. makes fun of working people B. tells a story about as woman employee

　　C. promotes team spirit among co-workers D. mocks annual performance reviews

　　52. All the following are mentioned as the drawbacks of annual performance reviews EXCEPT

　　A. reducing efficiency B. creating tension

　　C. undermining morale D. inducing anger

　　53. The word "ordeal" in Paragraph 3 probably refers to .

　　A. likelihood of promotion B. depressive experience

　　C. poor performance D. unrealistic expectation

　　54. The annual performance reviews, to be effective must focus on .

　　A. making employees aware of their company's future goals

　　B. involving employees in assessing their own performance

　　C. encouraging employees to achieve better future performance

　　D. highlighting what responsibilities employees have failed in

　　55. The general attitude of the author toward Adam's comic strip Dilbert is .

　　A. negative B. positive C. neutral D. unclear

　　Passage Two

　　Tattoos didn't spring up with the dawn of biker gangs and rock "n" roll bands. They've been around for a long time and had many different meanings over the course of history.

　　For years, scientists believed that Egyptians and Nubians were the first people to tattoo their bodies. Then, in 1991, a mummy was discovered, dating back to the Bronze Age of about 3, 300 B. C. "The Iceman", as the specimen was dubbed, had several markings on his body, including a cross on the inside of his knee and lines on his ankle and back. It is believed these tattoos were made in a curative effort.

　　Being so advance, the Egyptians reportedly spread the practice of tattooing throughout the world. The pyramid-building third and fourth dynasties of Egypt developed international nations with Crete Greece, Persia and Arabia. The art tattooing stretched out all the way to Southeast Asia by 2, 000 B. C. Around the same time, the Japanese became interested in the art but only for its decorative attributes, as opposed to magical ones. The Japanese tattoo artists were the undisputed masters. Their use of colors, perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a whole new angle. During the first millennium A. D., Japan adopted Chinese culture in many aspects and confined tattooing to branding wrongdoers.

　　In the Balkans, the Thracians had a different use for the craft. Aristocrats, according to Herodotus, used it to show the world their social status. Although early Europeans dabbled with tattooing, they truly rediscovered the art from when the world exploration of the post-Renaissance made them seek out new cultures. It was their meeting with Polynesian that introduced them to tattooing. The word, in fact is derived from the Polynesian word tattau, which means " to mark".

　　Most of the early uses of tattoos were ornamental. However, a number of civilizations had practical applications for this craft. The Goths, a tribe of Germanic barbarians famous for pillaging Roman settlements, used tattoos to mark their slaves. Romans did the same with slaves and criminals.

　　In Tahiti, tattoos were a rite of passage and told the history of the person's life. Reaching adulthood, boys got one tattoo to commeniorate the event. Men were marked with another style when they got married.

　　Later, tattoos became the souvenir of choice for globetrotting sailors. Whenever they would reach an exotic locale, they would get a new tattoo to mark the occasion. A dragon was a famous style that meant the sailor had reached a "China station". At first, sailors would spend their free time on the ship tattooing themselves and their mates. Soon after, tattoo parlors were set up in the area, surrounding ports worldwide.

　　In the middle of the 19th century, police officials believed that half of the criminal underworld in New York City had tattoos. Port areas were renowned for being rough places full of sailors that were guilty of some crime or another. This is most likely how tattoos got such a bad reputation and became associated with rebels and delinquents.

　　56. According to the passage, tattoos were adopted for all of the following purposes EXCEPT

　　A. to treat the disease B.to challenge social mores

　　C. to record the footprints of one's life D. to adorn oneself

　　57. Tattoo was believed to be created .

　　A. together with biker gangs and rock "n" roll bands

　　B. in 1991 when a mummy was discovered

　　C. firstly in Southeast Asia by 2, 000 B. C.

　　D. by Egyptians and Nubians

　　58. In Japan, tattoos were accepted as .

　　A. a means of ornament B. a symbol of magical power

　　C. a way of communication D. a sign of success

　　59. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?

　　A. Both China and Japan confined tattooing to marking criminals.

　　B. Romans used tattoos for decoration.

　　C. Sailors took tattoos as the gift for their friends and relatives.

　　D. Tattoo parlors were usually found in downtown areas.

　　60. Why did tattoos become associated with rebels and delinquents in New York?

　　A. Because in the middle of the 19th century, criminals were usually tattooed by the government.

　　B. Because sailors had tattoos and some of the sailors were guilty of some crime or another.

　　C. Because tattoos were the marks for the members of certain organizations.

　　D. Because Port authorities required the sailors to wear tattoos.

　　Passage Three

　　Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there."

　　Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides (杀虫剂).Says he: "Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare. " And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens — a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms (磨菇)might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives (添加剂).Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We've got fat worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made. "

　　Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.

　　To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.

　　61. What does the author think of the Americans' view of their food?

　　A. They overstate the government's interference with the food industry.

　　B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.

　　C. They overestimate the hazards of their food.

　　D. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.

　　62. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because .

　　A. no food is free from pollution in the environment

　　B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture

　　C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals

　　D. almost all foods have additives

　　63. By saying "they employ chemical warfare"(Line 4, Para. 2), Bruce Ames means "

　　A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases

　　B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth

　　C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants

　　D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases

　　64. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on .

　　A. the government B. the consumer C. the processor D. the grower

　　65. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?

　　A. Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.

　　B. Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.

　　C. Health food is not a dream in modern society.

　　D. There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.

　　Passage Four

　　At all ages and at all stages of life, fear presents a problem to almost everyone. "We are largely the playthings of our fears," wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. " To one, fear of the dark; to another, of physical pain; to a third, of public ridicule; to a fourth, of poverty; to a fifth, of loneliness—for all of us our particular creature waits in a hidden place."

　　Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and responses quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline ( 肾上激素)are poured into your bloodstream. Confronted with a fire or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight (逃离).Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that it becomes a problem.

　　Some people are simply more vulnerable to fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more sensitive.

　　Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a temporary obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problem.

　　Phil's dad, however, spent most of his time trying to protect himself and his family. Afraid to risk the insecurity of a job change, he remained unhappy in one position. He avoided long vacations because "the car might break down. " Growing up in such a home? Phil naturally learned to become fearful and tense.

　　66. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, "our particular creature" refers to .

　　A. fear of something B. a fierce beast C. physical pain D. public ridicule

　　67. Fear can be a useful emotion to us because it can .

　　A. stimulate many physical changes within our body

　　B. quicken our heartbeat and responses

　　C. pour large quantities of adrenaline into our bloodstream

　　D. help us respond quickly to danger and protect ourselves

　　68. Fear becomes a problem only when .

　　A. the danger is thought greater than it really is

　　B. the danger is more psychological than physical

　　C. one cannot stand the danger

　　D. one is not well prepared for it

　　69. Different responses of newborn infants to a loudly slammed door imply that .

　　A. some people are inherently more easily affected by danger

　　B. people's response to stimuli is not an inherited feature

　　C. some people seem to be very sensitive to noise

　　D. people sometimes seem to turn a deaf ear to noise

　　70. Psychologists have found that our later fears are determined largely by our .

　　A. home education B. school education C. parents' lifestyle D. early experiences

　　Section V Translation (25 marks)

　　Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on the Answer sheet IL

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