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考博英语语法解析：非谓语动词

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　　动词不定式

　　1. 常用形式：

　　一般主动式to do

　　一般被动式to be done

　　完成主动式to have done

　　完成被动式to have been done

　　进行式to be doing

　　2.语法功能：

　　可作主、表、宾、宾补、定和状(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。

　　1)主语：to master a foreign language is very important.

　　2)表语：my job is to drive them to the company every day.

　　3)宾语：do you want to visit the great wall?

　　can you give us some advice on what to do next?

　　4)宾补：the teacher advised us to have a rest first.

　　i didn’t notice them come in.

　　注：see, watch, notice, hear ,have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.

　　help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.

　　5)定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后(当一个词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，该名词只能选不定式作后置定语)如：

　　who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday?

　　he is the man to depend on/to believe in.

　　6)状语：

　　a.目的状语：she reads china daily every day so as to improve her chinese.

　　注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

　　b.原因状语： i’m glad to see you .

　　注：这种“be+形容词+不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：he is eager to go to she is sure to come here.

　　c.结果状语：they lived to see t he liberation of their home town.

　　他们一直活到见到家乡解放。

　　△在“too…to…”结构中表“太…结果不能”，如：he is too weak to do the work.

　　注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：they are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。

　　另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，

　　如：she was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.

　　can’t...too... “再...也不为过”“越...越好”

　　you can't be too careful when crossing the road.

　　△ 在“形容词/副词+enough+不定式”结构中表“足以能…”，如：he is strong enough to do the work .

　　△ only to do

　　3.复合结构不定式(for sb. to do sth.)

　　可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for 本身无意义，sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例如：i think it is necessary for him to go there at once.(复合结构不定式作宾语)

　　注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质,性格或特征时，不用for, 而用of,

　　如：it is kind of you to help me .(相当于you are kind to help me .)这类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite(不礼貌)等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：it’s right/wrong for/of him to do the work alone.

　　4.疑问词+不定式：

　　可作主语、表语或宾语。

　　如：how to finish the work in time is a problem.(主语)

　　we don’t know when and where to go .(宾语)

　　5.动词不定式的否定式(not to do sth.)

　　语法功能同不定式肯定式。

　　6.不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：

　　1)一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。例如：

　　they often watch us play table tennis.(与谓语动作同时)

　　she hopes to go there again.(在谓语动作之后)

　　it is necessary and important to read english every day.(无时间限制)

　　the factory to make radios is over there.(无时间限制)

　　2)完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

　　i’m sorry to have kept you waiting. /she seems to have been a teacher for many years.

　　3)进行式：表示正在发生的动作/与谓语动作同时发生。例如：

　　she happened to be writing a letter in the room when i come in.

　　7.不定式的被动式：

　　名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式，

　　what is to be done is unknown /the bridge to be bulit there is very long.

　　分词

　　1.分词形式：有现在分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词则有：

　　一般主动式doing

　　一般被动式being done

　　完成主动式having done

　　完成被动式having been done

　　2.语法功能：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。

　　3.现在分词和过去分词的区别：

　　1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film 动人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车

　　注：关于心理状态动词的-ing形式表主动意，-ed 形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。

　　2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。

　　例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家,boiling water正在开着的水,boiled water开水,falling leaves正在徐徐飘落的树叶,fallen leaves落叶

　　4.现在分词的基本用法：

　　1)一般主动式用法：

　　a.作定语：the sleeping child is only five years old.(=the child who is sleeping is…)/the girl writing a letter there can speak english very well.(=the girl who is writing a letter there can…)

　　the factory making tv sets is very large.(=the factory which makes tv sets is very large.)

　　b.作表语：the story sounds very news is very exciting.

　　c.作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have,make，let， keep等动词之后。

　　例如：we can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /i saw tom coming out of the house. /don’t keep the students doing homework all day.

　　注：上述动词后跟省to不定式作宾补表示动作的全过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：a:i heard them singing in the room when i passed it.(singing不可改为sing) b:do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing)

　　have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者have=let,

　　者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ(雇用)”意。如：

　　i’ll have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。

　　i’ll have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我公司里工作。

　　don’t have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。

　　d.作状语：

　　①时间状语：reading the letter, i couldn’t help thinking of my school life.

　　②原因状语：being ill, i didn’t go to school yesterday.

　　③方式或伴随状语：mary stood at the school gate waiting for betty.

　　2)完成主动式用法：

　　这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句

　　作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：

　　having finished her homework,she went to bed. /not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.

　　3)一般被动式用法：

　　表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。

　　例如：the car being repaired is mine.(=the car which is being repaired is mine.) /being repaired,the car can’t be used.(=as/because it is being repaired,the car can’t be used.)

　　4)完成被动式用法：

　　表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。

　　例如：having been praised a second time , i decided to make still greater progress.

　　5.过去分词的基本用法：

　　1)作定语：the stolen car was found by the police last week.

　　the car stolen last week was found by the police

　　the car which was stolen last weekwas found by the police

　　2)作表语：the glass is broken. /when i got to the classroom,the door was locked.

　　3)作宾补：you must have /make/ let your hair cut.

　　you must have /make / let sb. cut your hair.

　　sb. must be had /made to cut your hair.

　　sb. must be let cut your hair.

　　4)作状语：given more time(if we were given more time ) ,we can do the work much better.

　　6.独立主格结构：

　　当分词有它自己的独立主语(不同于句子主语的名词或代词)时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：

　　the bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(=when the bell rang,we all stopped talking.) /there being no bus, we had to walk home .(=there was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)

　　there to be a heavy rain,we must take a umbrella.

　　7.使用现在分词的几个注意点：

　　(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，

　　standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.(正)

　　(standing=when we stood)

　　standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.(误)

　　having found the cause, they continued the experiment.(正)

　　(having found=after finding=after/when they had found)

　　having found the cause, the experiment continued.(误)

　　seen from the earth ,the moon look like a golden plate.

　　seeing from the earth, we can see the moon look like a golden plate.

　　(2)短暂动词(即瞬间动词)的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：

　　he saw the old man knocked down by the car.

　　(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knocked down)

　　do you like the dictionary bought by zhang ming?(bought不可改为being bought或having been bought)

　　<2>现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：

　　现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：

　　(1)作宾补时，being done表示一个正在发生的被动动作，done则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：

　　being built

　　built

　　do you see the hospital there?

　　正在建造的

　　建好的

　　你看见了那边那个医院吗?

　　the continent connected with asia at the suez canal is africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。(句中connected无时间性)

　　(2)作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：

　　being led(=led )by the party ,the chinese people have won great victories.

　　(3)作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：

　　the soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.

　　(4)作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用being done或完成被动式having been done。

　　例如：built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.

　　如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式having been done。例如：

　　discussed(=having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at last.

　　如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：

　　not having been invited,she had to stay at home.

　　(5)在have/make/let,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：i’ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或to be cut)he got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)

　　(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如

　　the speaker couldn’t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)

　　he wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)

　　8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式

　　所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶;interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的;surprised(因…)感到惊讶的，interested(因…)感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：

　　the film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.

　　she was much surprised at the surprising news.

　　已学的心理状态动词有：

　　astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,discourage,encourage,

　　excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please(使高兴),puzzle(使迷惑),satisfy(使满意),surprise,shock,tire(使疲劳),trouble,upset(使不安),worry

　　它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：the news is pleasing/ boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk(累人的步行)。

　　它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/i′m tired.

　　但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，she said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。

　　动名词

　　1.形式同现在分词有四种:

　　一般主动式doing

　　一般被动式being done

　　完成主动式having done

　　完成被动式having been done

　　2.动名词的基本用法：

　　作主语：seeing is believing. /talking is easier than doing. /it isn’t necessary explaining to him. /it’s no use waiting here.

　　作表语：my hobby(爱好)is collecting stamps . /his job is washing and cooking.

　　作宾语：when he came in , we all stopped talking . /he has given up smoking. /we often do our cleaning on saturday afternoon. /are you fond of dancing ? /the boy isn’t worth teaching.

　　注有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。详见第6点。

　　作定语：this is her father’s walking stick.

　　1. 动名词的复合结构：

　　形式：his/him working there, wang dong’s/wang dong working

　　there

　　语法功能：

　　作主语：your smoking too much will do harm to your health.(动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sb’s的形式，此句中的your不可改为you。)

　　作宾语：i don’t like his/him staying with us.

　　作表语：my joy is his winning the table-tennis game.(his不能改为him)

　　2. 动名词的完成式：

　　动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。

　　如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：

　　we were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.

　　lending g

　　在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后/某些介词后/某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：

　　having lent

　　i remember him some money before.

　　promising

　　having promised

　　he forgot me that.

　　after finishing his homework (=having finished his homework) , he went out for a walk.

　　3. 动名词的被动式

　　如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。例如：the problem is far from being settled.

　　动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：

　　i still remember being invited(代替having been invited)by a famous artist when i was in shanghai.

　　4. 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较

　　作主语：

　　(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：seeing is believing.=to see is to believe.

　　talking is easy and doing is difficult.=to talk is easy and to do is difficult.

　　(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：

　　it took him two hours to finish the work.

　　to be a scientist is his desire(愿望).

　　(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性、长期性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：

　　getting up early is a good habit.

　　作宾语：

　　(1) 有些动词跟不定式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：

　　begin, start,continue, love, prefer等。

　　(2) 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：

　　wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide.

　　(3) 有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，已学过的这类词有：

　　finish, imagine, insist on,enjoy, escape, consider, can’t help, admit, avoid, mind, miss, practise, put off(延迟)=delay, suggest.feel like, look forward to,devote…to(doing),be worth ,appreciate.

　　(4)有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on

　　a.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事

　　forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事

　　=forget having done sth.

　　=forget to have done sth.

　　b.remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事

　　c.regret to do sth. 遗憾(要)做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事

　　d.stop to do sth. 停下(原事)去做某事(不定式作目的状语)

　　stop doing sth. 停止做某事

　　e.mean to do sth. 决意/打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味/表明做某事

　　f.try to do sth. 努力/设法去做某事

　　try doing sth. 试图/尝试用某一方法做某事