天津大学博士入学考试英语试题

　　6. Psychologists are interested in ________. [A] how far group pressure can influence people‘s judgments. [B] how to make judgments according to everyday experience. [C] how to change people’s judgments. [D] the group‘s standards of social behaviour.

　　7. In the experiment. Who have been told to pick the wrong line?

　　[A] The victims. [B] The volunteer. [C] The experimenter. [D] The other members.

　　8. In what circumstances do most people yield to pressure?

　　[A] When the group is separated. [B] When the group is unanimous. [C] When they know they are the victims. [D] When they are forced to answer questions.

　　9. The experiments demonstrate that _______. [A] nearly every individual will behave differently from others [B] group pressure is caused by the interference of the psychologists. [C] psychologists wish to change the people‘s judgments and opinions. [D] people will change their ideas under group pressure.

　　10.The best title of this passage would be _________. [A]A Typical Experiment. [B]Are We Afraid to be Different?

　　[C]The Group‘s Standards of Behavior and Thinking. [D]Dose an Individual Need to Follow a Group’s Standards?

　　3 )The single business of Henry Thoreau ，during forty-old years of eager activity was to discover an economy calculated to provide a satisfying life .His one concern ，that gave to his ramblings in Concord fields a value of high adventure ，was to explore the true meaning of wealth .As he understood the problem of economics ，there three possible solutions open to him ：to exploit himself ，to exploit his fellows ，or to reduce the problem to its lowest denominator .The first was quite impossible–to imprison oneself in a treadmill when the morning called to great adventure .To exploit one‘s fellows seemed to Thoreau’s sensitive social conscience an even greater infidelity .Freedom with abstinence seemed to him better than serfdom with material well-being ，and he was content to move to Walden Pond and to set about the high business of living ，to confront only the essential facts of life and to see what it had to teach .He did not advocate that other men should build cabins and live isolated .He had no wish to dogmatize concerning the best mode of living-each must settle that for himself .But that a satisfying life should be lived ，he was vitally concerned .The story of his emancipation from the lower economics is the one romance of his life ，and Walden is his great book .It is a book In praise of life rather than of Nature ，a record of calculating economics that studied saving in order to spend more largely .But it is a book of social criticism as well ，in spite of its explicit denial of such a purpose .In considering the true nature of economy he concluded ，with Ruskin ， that the cost of a thing is the amount of life that is required in exchange for it ，immediately or in the long run .In Walden Thoreau elaborated the text ：The only wealth is life .

　　11.Thoueau started an experiment at Walden Pond with the hope of ______. [A]learning how to live quietly . [B]writing a book on philosophy . [C]discovering what humans can learn from nature. [D]working out the best adjustment to material life .

　　12.To Thoreau the best solution to the problem of economics is _______. [A]to live a very simple life . [B]to become self–sufficient. [C]to live in the country . [D]to reform the society .

　　13.Thoreau holds that the crucial thing for people to do is to ________. [A]have a better understanding of what life means . [B]live harmoniously with nature . [C]to save as much as one possibly can . [D]to live a life that one is content with .

　　14.In the bookWaldenall of the following can be found except________. [A] the nature of economy. [B] the meaning of freedom. [C] the criticism of society. [D] Ruskin‘s philosophy.

　　15. Thoreau‘s attitude toward society can best be characterized as one of _______. [A] acceptance. [B] avoidance. [C]indifference [D] individualism

　　4)

　　Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors， mental and physical， in production， and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called theSecond Industrial Revolution.

　　Labor‘s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about its effects on employment， and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main， labor has taken the view that resistance to technological change is futile. In the long run， the result of automation may well be an increase in employment， since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing， maintaining， and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably， however， there will be major shifts in jobs within plants and displacement of labor from one industry to another. The interest of labor lies in bringing about this transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also， union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages， more leisure， and improved living standards.

　　To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation， unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefits plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in SUB plan has a direct financial stake in preventing unemployment， he will have a strong incentive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible disruption in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements， requiring that permanently laid off workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of theimprovement factor，which calls for wage increase based on increases in productivity. It is probable， however， that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.

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