装备指挥技术学院2011年博士研究生招生考博英语真题

　　Part II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)

　　Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.

　　Public image refers to how a company is viewed by its customers, suppliers, and stockholders, by the financial community, by the communities 21 it operates, and by federal and local governments. Public image is controllable 22 considerable extent, just as the product, price, place, and promotional efforts are.

　　A firm’s public image plays a vital role in the 23 of the firm and its products to employees, customers, and to such outsiders 24 stockholders, suppliers, creditors, government officials, as well as 25 special groups. With some things it is impossible to 26 all the diverse publics: for example, a new highly automated plant may meet the approval of creditors and stockholders, 27 it will undoubtedly find 28 from employees who see their jobs 29. On the other hand, high and service standards should bring almost complete approval, 30 low and 31 claims would be widely looked down upon.

　　A firm’s public image, if it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable 32 that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with publics. If a firm has learned a quality image, this is not easily 33 or imitated by competitors. Such an image may enable a firm to 34 higher prices, to win the best distributors and dealers, to attract the best employees, to expect the most 35 creditor relationships and lowest borrowing costs. It should also allow the firm’s stock to command higher price-earnings ratio than other firms in the same industry with such a good reputation and public image.

　　21. A. which B. what C. where D. whom

　　22. A. in B. within C. on D. to

　　23. A. attraction B. attachment C. affection D. generalization

　　24. A. and B. with C. as D. for

　　25. A. converse B. diverse C. reverse D. universe

　　26. A. satisfy B. treat C. amuse D. entertain

　　27. A. so B. then C. thus D. but

　　28. A. support B. identification C. compliment D. resistance

　　29. A. ensured B. promoted C. threatened D. unemployed

　　30. A. because B. while C. though D. when

　　31. A. false B. fake C. artificial D. counterfeit

　　32. A. fortune B. asset C. possession D. property

　　33. A. countered B. defeated C. repelled D. compelled

　　34. A. pay B. get C. order D. charge

　　35. A. favorite B. prosperous C. favorable D. prospective

　　Part III Reading Comprehension (30 points)

　　Section A (20 points, 1 point each)

　　Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

　　Passage 1

　　Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches an ox to a plough.

　　Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.

　　The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.

　　The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.

　　Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.

　　In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.

　　About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.

　　This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.

　　To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.

　　The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.

　　It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.

　　36. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

　　A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process of combustion.

　　B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than the process of combustion.

　　C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.

　　D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.

　　37. From the passage we know ___.

　　A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestation

　　B. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficiently

　　C. fire made some animals frightened

　　D. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely

　　38. Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Para 5) most probably

　　means____.

　　A. adventurous B. unhappy

　　C. wandering D. unstable

　　39. The point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex bee society is ___.

　　A. the division of labor B. the use of fire

　　C. the development of industry D. the development of a written language

　　40. According to the passage, insect societies ___.

　　A. are governed by the instincts of insects

　　B. are not fundamentally different from human societies

　　C. are composed of individuals of the same type

　　D. are as not warlike as human beings

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