2021年医学考博阅读理解冲刺练习 (10)

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　　Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you

　　learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a

　　reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded

　　as 'all too human', with the underlying assumption that other animals would not

　　be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah

　　Brosnan Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has

　　just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

　　The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.

　　They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, they share

　　their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend

　　to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods services" than

　　males.

　　Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's Dr.

　　de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to

　　exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange

　　pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in

　　separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was

　　getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

　　In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (much preferable to

　　cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the

　　second was reluctant to hhers over for a mere piece of cucumber. if one

　　received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the

　　other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or

　　refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in

　　the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce

　　resentment in a female capuchin.

　　The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by

　　social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.

　　Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not

　　being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve

　　of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings

　　abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of

　　fairness evolved independently in capuchins humans, or whether it stems from

　　the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an

　　unanswered question.

　　1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic

　　by__________.

　　A. posing a contrast.

　　B. justifying an assumption.

　　C. making a comparison.

　　D. explaining a phenomenon.

　　2. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1)implies

　　that__________.

　　A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

　　B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

　　C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

　　D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

　　3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably

　　because they are__________.

　　A. more inclined to weigh what they get.

　　B. attentive to researchers' instructions.

　　C. nice in both appearance temperament.

　　D. more generous than their male companions.

　　4. Dr. Brosnan Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that

　　the monkeys__________.

　　A. prefer grapes to cucumbers.

　　B. can be taught to exchange things.

　　C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.

　　D. are unhappy when separated from others.

　　5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

　　A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions

　　B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

　　C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

　　D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

　　参考答案：

　　1. 答案：C

　　解析：这是一道逻辑关系题，涉及第一段与文章主题之间的逻辑联系。题干问：“在文章开头，作者引入主题的手段是……”。第一段说，人会对不公正待遇感到愤懑，并自以为这是人才有的一种感觉;段末说，研究表明，猴也有这种感觉;下文接着探讨猴对不公正的详细感受。可见，作者通过把猴与人作比较(comparison)，来引出文章的主题，所以答案为

　　C。A (contrast 对照)则认为，段一在进行对照，猴与人不一样，这显然与第一段的意思不吻合。误选 A 的考生一方面被 “But”

　　误导，将第一段理解反了，另一方面没能区分 comparison( 强调相同性 ) 和contrast(强调不同)两词的含义不同。

　　2. 答案：B

　　解析：这是一道句意题 。题干问：“第一段最后一行 ‘it is all too monkey’暗示了……”。本题可以定位在第1

　　自然段，分析该段的逻辑关系，不难发现作者指出了两者的相似之处，认为两者具有相似之处，那么相似之处就是 B 选项“对不公平的怨恨也是猴子的本性”的含义。选项

　　D“除了猴子之外其他动物都不会有这种感情”与篇章的思想相矛盾。选项 A“疏忽的对手也会使猴子大发雷霆”是原文片语信息的断章取义。选项

　　C“像人类一样，猴子往往会互相嫉妒”不是作者谈论的重点，作者谈论的是义愤的情感。

　　3. 答案：A

　　解析：这是一道细节题，涉及句意的因果逻辑。题干问：“研究选用了雌性卷尾猴，最可能的原因是它们 ……”。第二段末句“pay much closer

　　attention to the value of...(更关注…的价值)”换词后就是“are more inclined to

　　weigh(更会掂量)”，可见答案为 A “更倾向于权衡它们所获得的东西”。选项 B“专心凝听研究者们的指导”，选项 C“漂亮且性情温和”，以及选项

　　D“比雄性伙伴更大方”，都是原文片语信息的断章取义，或者是原文未提及的信息。

　　4. 答案：C

　　解析：这是一道针对事实提问的细节题。题干问：“Dr. Brosnan 和 Dr. de Waal 在他们的研究中最后发现猴子

　　……”。如果注意到题干中“eventually”一词的限制,本题就可以定位在第 5 段而选择

　　C:“如果感到被欺骗就不再合作”。其实，关于群居动物在公平条件下合作的思想在上文第2 段第2 句就有提及。选项 A“更喜欢葡萄，而不是黄瓜”与选项

　　B“可以教会交换东西”不是研究者的发现，而选项 D“当与其他卷尾猴分开时感到不高兴”是原文片语信息的断章取义。

　　5.答案： B

　　解析：这是一道推论题 。 题干问：“从最后一段我们可以得出什么推论?”本题直接定位在第5自然段的最后一个句群，选项

　　B“人类义愤填膺情感的进化来源不确定”正确。选项 A 不对，因为 social emotions 是猴子所天生具有的(末段第一句)，谈不上

　　develop(培养)。选项

　　C“动物常常像人类那样公开显示出它们的感情”不正确，篇章中没有明显提出这一方面的信息。选项D“猴子间的合作只有在野外时才保持稳定”错误，原文强调的是在受到公平对待时保持稳定。

　　参考译文：

　　人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的

　　Sarah Brosnan 和 Frans de Waal 进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。

　　研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为

　　Brosnan 和 de Waal

　　理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。

　　在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它)，都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。

　　研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。

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