2023年考博英语阅读模拟练习题附详细答案解析

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　　John Kao is an innovation guru described as “Mr Creativity” by thisnewspaper a decade ago. Now he is concerned about America losing its globallead and becoming “the fat, complacent Detroit of nations”. In his new book,“Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America'sunderinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, itspitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity.What America needs, he reckons, is a big push by federal government to promoteinnovation, akin to the Apollo space project that put a man on the moon

　　As head of California's Stanford Research Institute, Mr Carlson knows thestrengths of Silicon Valley from first-hand experience. And yet here he isinsisting that America's information technology, services and medical-devicesindustries are about to be lost. “I predict that millions of jobs will bedestroyed in our country, like in the 1980s when American firms refused toadopt total-quality management techniques while the Japanese surged ahead.” Theonly way out, he insists, is “to learn the tools of innovation” and forgeentirely new, knowledge-based industries in energy technology, biotechnologyand other science-based sectors.

　　It is natural to be sceptical of such dour arguments and calls forgovernment action. After all, the United States still leads in innovation. Whetherit is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number ofpatents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the numberof entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or thepayback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league.Indeed, the Council on Competitiveness recently concluded in a report that, byand large, the outlook is bright for America.

　　Yet the same council's innovation task force also gave warning that othercountries are making heavy investments that threaten to erode America'sposition. It would like a big push in four areas: improving science,engineering and maths education; welcoming skilled immigrants; beefing upgovernment spending on basic research; and offering tax incentives to spur “US-based innovation.”

　　These are mostly sensible recommendations because they focus on thoseframework conditions and bits of infrastructure that the market would notprovide on its own. Where such prescriptions tend to go awry is whenthey argue for specific subsidies or tax breaks for favoured industries (likesupporting only “US-based” innovation in today's worldof global creative networks). After all, the Schumpeterian forces ofcreative destruction must be allowed to work their magic.

　　Resiliencein the face of those disruptive forces gave Silicon Valley the edge over itsnearest high-tech rival, Boston's Route 128 technology corridor. Both clusterswere riding high until the personal computer and distributed-computing changedthe market. Firms went through wrenching change, but those in northernCalifornia, like Hewlett-Packard and Xerox, emerged stronger than those nearBoston, like Digital Equipment and Wang—which no longer exist. As Berkeley'sAnnaLee Saxenian has shown, Silicon Valley's champions were nimble andnetworked but those on Route 128 were brittle, top-down bureaucracies.

　　1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______

　　[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.

　　[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.

　　[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.

　　[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.

　　2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____

　　[A] serious.

　　[B] exaggerated.

　　[C] gloomy.

　　[D] false.

　　3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____

　　[A] ambitious.

　　[B] optimistic.

　　[C] ambiguous.

　　[D] reserved.

　　4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?

　　[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.

　　[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.

　　[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.

　　[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.

　　5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____

　　[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.

　　[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.

　　[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.

　　[D] its poor and inflexible management.

　　文章剖析：

　　这篇文章主要介绍了美国创新方面的现状和面临的挑战。第一、二段讲述对于美国未来创新能力的一些怀疑观点;第三段讲述美国创新方面的现状;第四段是对美国政府提出的一些建议;第五段分析了这些建议;第六段讲述硅谷和128路在创新方面的不同。

　　词汇注释：

　　guru n. 领袖，头头 forge v. 加速形成

　　dour adj. 严厉的 entrepreneurial adj. 企业家的

　　awry adj. 错误的，歪曲的 Schumpeterian adj.(奥地利裔美籍经济学家)熊彼特的

　　wrench v. 猛拉，扭动

　　难句突破:

　　(1) In his new book, “Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America's underinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, its pitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September 11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity.

　　[主体句式] In his book, he points to warning signs.

　　[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，such as后面是四个并列的名词短语。

　　[句子译文] 在他的新书《创新国家》中，他指出了一些危险的信号，比如美国在基础设施上投资不足、在宽带方面启动较慢，以及可怜的公立学校，还有自2001年9月11日以来对移民的过严政策，尽管移民是美国创新的主导力量。

　　(2) Whether it is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number of patents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the number of entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or the payback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league.

　　[主体句式] Whether it is by …or…, America is …

　　[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的条件状语从句中，like spending on …and the number of …是做前面traditional measures的定语，而like the number of …, levels of… or the payback…是做后面less tangible but more important ones的定语。

　　[句子译文] 毕竟，美国依然是创新的领头军。无论评判的标准是在研究方面的费用、注册的专利权的数量，还是不那么切实却非常重要的一些标准，如创业企业的数量、风险投资的水平或新发明的回报等，美国一直处于领先地位。

　　题目分析：

　　1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______1. JohnKao将美国比为“国家中的底特律”，这是因为_____

　　[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.[A] 底特律是创新的代表。

　　[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.[B] 底特律经历着相似性质的衰退。

　　[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.[C] 底特律很少注意创新。

　　[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.[D] 底特律缺少联邦政府的推动。

　　[答案]B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。根据第一段的上下文，John Kao担心美国逐步丧失世界领导权，成为国家中的底特律，那么可以推断底特律应该是丧失了每一领域的领导权，那么选项中，B与该意思最为接近。经历着衰退，也就意味着丧失了领导地位。

　　2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____2. “dour” (第三段第一行)最有可能的意思为_____

　　[A] serious.[A] 严肃的。

　　[B] exaggerated.[B] 夸大的。

　　[C] gloomy.[C] 悲观的。

　　[D] false.[D] 错误的。

　　[答案]C

　　[难度系数] ☆☆

　　[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，所说的评论是指第一段、第二段提出的，这些评论都对美国的创新表示担忧，对美国的地位不很乐观，而下文提出美国其实目前的地位还在保持。可以看出，选项中C最为符合题意。

　　3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____2. 对于美国创新的前景，竞争委员会的态度是_____

　　[A] ambitious.[A] 雄心勃勃的。

　　[B] optimistic.[B] 乐观的。

　　[C] ambiguous.[C] 模棱两可的。

　　[D] reserved.[D] 持保留态度的。

　　[答案]B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆

　　[分析]细节题。根据第三段，竞争委员会近日在一个报告中总结说，美国的前景基本上还是光明的。第四段又提到创新特别工作组的警告。但整体来说，其对于美国创新的前景还是乐观的，B是正确答案。

　　4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?4.关于美国在创新方面的地位，下列哪个陈述是错误的?

　　[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.[A] 美国仍处于世界领先地位。

　　[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.[B] 美国受到熊彼特创造性摧毁力量的威胁。

　　[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.[C] 美国面临其他重视创新的国家的挑战

　　[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.[D] 美国需要大的推动以保证领先地位。

　　[答案]B

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。选项A，根据第三段可以看出美国在创新方面仍处于领先地位;选项B，第四段提到了熊彼特创造性摧毁力量，但并不是力量威胁美国，而是它一直在自己发挥作用，促进许多改革和创新;选项C，第四段提到了一些投入资金较大的国家可能会侵蚀美国的地位，该陈述正确;选项D，全文多次提到了这一点。因此，答案为B。

　　5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____5.128路的公司没有硅谷的公司更有竞争力是因为____

　　[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.[A] 缺乏对新发展的即使和合理反应。

　　[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.[B] 巨大的变化。

　　[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.[C] 脆弱和无效率的策略。

　　[D] its poor and inflexible management.[D] 管理较差且不灵活。

　　[答案] A

　　[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段提到“这两家一直很成功，直到后来个人电脑和分布式计算改变了市场。公司们经历了巨大的变化，但是北加利福尼亚的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施乐要比波士顿附近的公司如“数码设备”和“王”(这些都不复存在了)要更强大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian说的，硅谷的冠军都是机敏的、连成网的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚机构” ，可见两个不同地区公司的区别，虽然他们都经历了巨大变化，但是硅谷却因为其灵活要比128路公司更为强大，128路的缺陷主要在于官僚机构的僵化。因此，选项中A最为符合。

　　参考译文：

　　John Kao是一位创新领导者，十年前被本报称作“发明大王”。现在他担心美国正在逐步丧失世界领导权，成为所有“国家中那个臃肿、自负的底特律”。在他的新书《创新国家》中，他指出了一些危险的信号，比如美国在基础设施上投资不足、在宽带方面启动较慢，以及可怜的公立学校，还有自2001年9月11日以来对移民的过严政策，尽管移民是美国创新的主导力量。他认为，美国需要的是联邦政府大力推动创新，就像计划把人送到月球上的阿波罗太空一样。

　　Carlson先生是加利福尼亚斯坦福研究院院长，他从自己的第一手经验中深刻理解了硅谷的力量。但是现在他也坚持说美国的信息技术、信息服务和医疗设备产业将要落后。“我预计我们国家将损失成百万的工作岗位，就象20世纪80年代美国公司拒绝采用全面质量管理技术而日本却在这方面走到了前头一样。”他认为，唯一的出路就是 “学习创新技术”， 并在能源科技、生物技术和其他科学领域建立全新的基于知识的产业。

　　人们很自然地要质疑这些严峻的评论以及要求政府采取行动的迫切呼吁。毕竟，美国依然是创新的领头军。无论评判的标准是在研究方面的费用、注册的专利权的数量，还是不那么切实却非常重要的一些标准，如创业企业的数量、风险投资的水平或新发明的回报等，美国一直处于领先地位。事实上，竞争委员会近日在一个报告中总结说，美国的前景基本上还是光明的。

　　但是该委员会的创新特别工作组警告说其他国家也投入了巨大的资金，这可能威胁到美国的地位。该小组希望能推动四个领域快速进展：改进科学、工程学和数学教育;欢迎技术移民;加强政府在基础研究上的投入;利用税收鼓励来激励“美国本土创新”。

　　这些是最明智的建议，因为其针对的都是市场本身不能提供的结构条件和基础设施。这些建议的偏颇之处就在于要求给受惠的企业一些特别的补贴或减税(如在全球创造网络世界中支持“美国本地”的创新)。总之，必须得允许熊彼特创造性摧毁力量发挥自己的威力。

　　面对破坏性力量的灵活性使得硅谷比起最有竞争力的高科技对手——波士顿128路科技廊略胜一筹。这两家一直很成功，直到后来个人电脑和分布式计算改变了市场，使得公司们经历了巨大的变化，但是北加利福尼亚的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施乐要比波士顿附近的公司如“数码设备”和“王”(这些都不复存在了)要更强大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian所说，硅谷的冠军都是机敏的、连成网络的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚机构。

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