2017考博英语语法基础讲解：复合句

　　(三)定语从句(Attributive Clause)

　　在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词，定语从句必须置于先行词之后，定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试的常考点，也是语法重点，本节将着重讲解：

　　1. 引导词关系代词：which， that， who(m)， whose， as

　　关系副词：when， where， why

　　例句： Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.

　　分析： 该句是复合句。其中，for example作插入语，a standalone media property与BabyCenter为同位语关系;that promotes complementary and even competitive products是一个定语从句，修饰BabyCenter。

　　译文： 例如，强生公司创建了宝宝中心网站，它是一家独立的媒体资产，用于推广互补的甚至是竞争性的产品。

　　例句： This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，主干部分为This trend began during the Second World War，when引导一非限制性定语从句修饰the Second World War;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是修饰the conclusion that...这一同位语从句中demands的定语从句， 而同位语从句的主干为the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail， 其中make demand of sb. /sth.意为“向某人或某事提出要求”。

　　译文： 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

　　例句： One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberalarts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.

　　分析： 该句是复合句。其中，主句的主干部分是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence;why it is hard to design and teach such courses是一个定语从句，修饰reason;that liberalarts educations and professional education should...in different schools是insistence后的同位语从句。

　　译文： 这种课程很难设计和讲授的原因之一就是它们打破了美国顶尖大学一贯坚持的原则：人文教育与专业教育应该独立，并在不同的学院讲授。

　　2.关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句

　　考试中涉及定语从句的考点经常是选关系词，而区分关系代词和关系副词是做题依据，关系代词中除whose在句中作定语外，其他各词均在句中作主语或宾语，即除去关系代词后，其后不是一个完整的句子;而关系副词在句中作状语，即除去关系副词后，其后是一个完整句子。

　　例句： Ive kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.

　　(画线部分不是一个完整的句子)

　　分析： 该句是复合句，whom引导的定语从句修饰a girl，其中短语be with sb. at school，意为“在学校与某人是同学”。

　　译文： 我与一个二十年前和我在一起读书的女孩一直保持着友谊。

　　例句： Besides， this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.(画线部分是一个完整句子)

　　分析： 该句是复合句。主干部分为this is unlikely to produce...in a country，形容词短语as large as ours和定语从句where the economy is spread over...都修饰country， is spread over和involves在定语从句中作并列谓语。

　　译文： 另外，像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区，涉及很多跨国公司的国家，职业教育也不可能培养出各种职业所需要的专业人才。

　　3. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

　　定语从句根据其与先行词关系的密切程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，限制性定语从句是把主从句看作一个整体，因而关系紧密，不用逗号隔开，从句去掉后，主句不能单独成立;非限制性定语从句是把主从句分开考虑，因而关系松散，通常用逗号隔开，从句去掉后，主句也能单独成立，在引导词中除关系代词that和关系副词why外，其他均可引导非限制性定语从句。

　　例句： It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources， and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

　　分析： 该句是复合句，介词短语to traditional historians与to social science historians并列，每个介词短语都由各自的定语从句来修饰。

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