装备指挥技术学院2009年博士研究生招生考博英语真题

　　Passage 2

　　Globalization is not just some passing trend. Today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it as such.

　　As thoughtful people concerned about world affairs, our job is to pick up "globalization," examine it from all sides, dissect it, figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigate or slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment, form iron, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, towns and forests in an instant. As Friedman says: "Globalization can be incredibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunity and democratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. It leaves you behind faster and faster, and it catches up to you faster and faster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to share their unique individuality farther and wider."

　　Globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side. But it can also bring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism requires a network of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalization requires vigilance and the rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities and Exchange Commission, labor unions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, and countless other agencies and organizations keep American capitalism in check. Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is a positive force in the world.

　　Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponents blind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations.

　　As with most issues, the majority of people will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something to worship or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.

　　41. What does the word “mitigate” in paragraph 2 most likely mean?

　　A. A. To alleviate.

　　B. To slow down.

　　C. To omit.

　　D. To go faster.

　　42. Why does the author compare globalization as fire?

　　A. When used correctly, they both can sterilize equipment.

　　B. When used improperly, they both can destroy our life.

　　C. When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly.

　　D. When demonized, they both can be dangerous.

　　43. Why is globalization compared as capitalism in the passage?

　　A. They both require vigilance to keep them from devouring societies.

　　B. They both need Federal trade commission and labor unions.

　　C. They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly.

　　D. Both A and B.

　　44. People who worship globalization usually _____ while people who demonize globalization usually ____.

　　A. see it as something to mold for the improvement of everyone; stand in the middle to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone

　　B. believe globalization can be shaped ; believe globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side

　　C. believe globalization is a positive force in the world; believe globalization requires vigilance and the rule of laws

　　D. see no destruction globalization can cause; can not see that globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspiration

　　45. Which of the following is not necessarily required to make positive use of globalization?

　　A. Tremendous opportunities and benefits.

　　B. Vigilance and the rule of law.

　　C. Transparent mechanisms.

　　D. Molding, shaping and management.

　　Passage 3

　　A Chinese study found that antibiotics can help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteria known to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong evidence that Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especially prevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts said the findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers of the bacteria.

　　The study involved 1,630 men and women from Fujian Province in southern China. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of them already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset of the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two weeks of treatment with antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followed for 7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerous lesions at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared with six in the placebo group.

　　The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut: Seven in the treatment group developed stomach cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The study appears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pylori is estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developing nations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries, according to the World Health Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought to cause stomach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980s that it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers.

　　The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening for such lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas, and treating the infections in patients with no precancerous lesions, said the authors, led by Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong.

　　Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective in the United States because the rates of infection and cancer are so low.

　　46. According to the passage, experts in the Chinese study mentioned in the passage are still not sure _______.

　　A. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer

　　B. whether stomach cancer is more prevalent in Asia

　　C. whether to treat all carriers of Helicobacter pylori bacteria

　　D. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach ulcer

　　47. Among people who developed cancer in the study, proportion of patients in the treatment group to patients in the placebo group is_____.

　　A. 64%

　　B. 50%

　　C. 90%

　　D. 39%

　　48. In the study, what medicine did the placebo group take during the two-week treatment?

　　A. Antibiotics.

　　B. A dummy medicine.

　　C. An anti-cancer medicine.

　　D. Medicine for the precancerous.

　　49. How many patients in the study already had precancerous lesions at the outset of the study?

　　A. 1467

　　B. 988

　　C. 815

　　D. 642

　　50. The findings of the study propose that ______.

　　A. H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas should be screened and treated.

　　B. patients with precancerous lesions are not as easily cured as those without.

　　C. treatment should be given to H. pylori patients without precancerous lesions.

　　D. treatment should not be given to H. pylori patients with precancerous lesions.

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