上海交通大学2011年考博英语真题

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全国院校考博英语历年真题汇总

　　Part I Vocabulary (20%)

　　Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

　　1. In the last few minutes the conversation has become seemingly as if the discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival itself.

　　A. crucial B. central C. casual D. causal

　　2. The new technological revolution in American newspapers has brought increased , a wider range of publications and an expansion of newspaper jobs.

　　A. manipulation B. reproduction C. circulation D. penetration

　　3. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.

　　A. improve B. enhance C. guarantee D. gear

　　4. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which provide a secure to carrying your money in cash.

　　A. substitute B. selection C. preference D. alternative

　　5. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped for refreshments.

　　A. at large B. at intervals C. at ease D. at random

　　6. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring.

　　A. assembly B. session C. conference D. convention

　　7. The advancement of science and technology has demonstrated that a fact appearing to contradict to certain theory may actually be a more advanced formulation of that theory.

　　A. consistent with B. in opposition to C. eliminated by D. incompatible with

　　8. Jenny’s wealth of practical experience and psychological acuity (sharpness)more than her lack of formal academic training.

　　A. compensate for B. account for C. speak volumes for D. make for

　　9. Tom is always lack of self-confidence. His character called him to miss many golden opportunities.

　　A. diffident B. ignorant C. proud D. conceited

　　10. 130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute to the Revolution of Paris Commune in 1873.

　　A. testimony B. memory C. tribute D. evidence

　　11. There are several between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.

　　A. exaggerations B. discrepancies C. breakthroughs D. compliances

　　12. Mrs. Black finds that her piano has always had the magic power of taking her away from the grim realities of daily life and her to fairyland of her own once she started to play.

　　A. transforming B. transporting C. transplanting D. transcending

　　13. My seven-year-old nephew had a pair of new shoes in April and he’s already them.

　　A. outweighed B. outgrown C. outlived D. outreached

　　14. Mrs. Green has been living in town only one year, yet she seems to be with everyone who comes to the store.

　　A. accepted B. admitted C. admired D. acquainted

　　15. The full of changes in computer technology will be felt within the next few years.

　　A. effort B. response C. impact D. affection

　　16. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six libraries specially serve the countryside.

　　A. mobile B. drifting C. shifting D. rotating

　　17. I seem to have reached a rather gloomy conclusion, but I think that something cheerful may still be derived it.

　　A. of B. off C. from D. with

　　18. human behavior may be caused by eating substances that upset the delicate chemical balance in the brain.

　　A. Deliberate B. Consistent C. Primitive D. Abnormal

　　19. Britain’s press is unusual it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.

　　A. in how B. in what C. in which D. in that

　　20. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied in the area on the night of the fire.

　　A. to be B. to have been C. having been D. be

　　21. During the conference the speaker tried to his feelings concerning the urgency of a favorable decision.

　　A. comply B. impose C. imply D. convey

　　22. The most technological success in the twentieth century is probably the computer revolution.

　　A. prominent B. prosperous C. solemn D. prevalent

　　23. While admitting that this forecast was uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry wolf.

　　A. anyhow B. somewhere C. somewhat D. anyway

　　24. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on .

　　A. consciousness B. impulse C. instinct D. response

　　25. The boy students in this school are nearly as the girl students to say they intend to get a college degree in business.

　　A. as likely twice B. likely as twice C. as twice likely D. twice as likely

　　26. With an eighty-hour week and little enjoyment, life must have been very for the nineteenth-century factory workers.

　　A. hostile B. anxious C. tedious D. obscure

　　27. To call the music of another music-culture “primitive” is one’s own standards on a group that does not recognize them.

　　A. putting B. emphasizing C. forcing D. imposing

　　28. The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many references.

　　A. obscure B. acute C. notable D. objective

　　29. In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the concern of state governments.

　　A. extinct B. excluding C. excessive D. exclusive

　　30. One of his eyes was injured in an accident, but after a operation, he quickly recovered his sight.

　　A. delicate B. considerate C. precise D. sensitive

　　31. In American universities, classes are often arranged in more flexible and many jobs on campus are reserved for students.

　　A. scales B. patterns C. grades D. ranks

　　32. It is true that a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time.

　　A. multiplying B. breeding C. magnifying D. generating

　　33. The government has devoted a large slice of its nationalto agriculture than most other countries.

　　A. resources B. potential C. budget D. economy

　　34. A most argument about who should go and fetch the bread from the kitchen was going on when I came in.

　　A. trivial B. delicate C. minor D. miniature

　　35. All the finished products are stored in a of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.

　　A. garage B. cabinet C. capsule D. warehouse

　　36. Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when in the middle of the Pacific, businessmen can contact their offices as if they were next door.

　　A. gliding B. cruising C. piloting D. patrolling

　　37. The fire has caused great losses, but the factory tried to the consequences by saying that the damage was not as serious as reported.

　　A. decrease B. subtract C. minimize D. degrade

　　38. When people are asked what kind of housing they need or want, the question a variety of answers.

　　A. defies B. magnifies C. mediates D. evokes

　　39. If you want to set up a company, you must with the regulations laid down by the authorities.

　　A. comply B. adhere C. confirm D. accord

　　40. The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national .

　　A. engagement B. destiny C. capacity D. temperament

　　Part II Reading Comprehension (30%)

　　Directions: In this part you are going to read six passages. Each of the passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). Decide on the best choice according to the passage you have read, then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

　　Passage 1

　　Lithography (平版印刷术)is an art process of printing from a plane surface on which the image to be printed is ink-receptive and the blank area ink-repellent. Lithography is based on the antipathy of oil and water. A drawing is made in reverse on the ground surface of the stone with a crayon or ink that contains soap or grease. The image produced on the stone will accept printing ink and reject water.

　　Once the grease in the ink has penetrated the stone, the drawing is washed off and the stone kept moist. It is then inked with a roller and printed on a lithographic press. As a process, lithography is probably the most unrestricted, allowing a wide range of tones and effects. Several hundred fine prints can be taken from a stone. The medium was employed by many 19th century artists, including Goya, Delacroix, Daumier, Degas, and remains popular with contemporary artists. Among American artists noted for their lithographs are Currier and Ives.

　　The Currier and Ives firm of lithographers was founded Nathaniel Currier in 1834. James Ives joined the firm as a bookkeeper eighteen years later just after becoming Currier’s brother-in-law, and was made a partner in 1857. The pair showed an uncanny (神秘的)ability to predict what the American public would rush to buy in the way of cheap art, and literally hundreds of thousands of prints from as many as 7, 000 individual pictures were turned out and sold from the firm’s shop in lower New York by street vendors and over shop counters throughout the country and even in Europe. Though in the course of time the firm employed some of America’s finest artists, artistic excellence could certainly

　　not be counted among the firm’s real goals. Nevertheless, some time after it went out of business in 1907, the prints enjoyed new popularity as collectors’ items, the rarer examples fetching thousands of dollars in the 1920’s.

　　41. What occurs when a design has been drawn on a flat surface with a special grease crayon and to which (the surface) water and then ink are applied?

　　A. The ink adheres to the crayon image and is repelled by the moist areas.

　　B. The ink adheres to the moist areas and is repelled by the crayon image.

　　C. The water adheres to the crayon image and is repelled by the moist areas.

　　D. Both ink and water are repelled by the crayon image.

　　42. Which of the following correctly describes when Ives became a partner?

　　A. As soon as he married Currier’s sister.

　　B. When he could predict American taste in cheap art better than Currier.

　　C. After eighteen years of service to the firm.

　　D. When he had worked for the company for about five years.

　　43. According to the passage, what was the particular factor that seemed to make the firm so successful?

　　A. Its feeling for what the public would buy.

　　B. Its choice of shop site in lower New York.

　　C. The fact that it published prints that became collectors，items.

　　D. Its ability to identify upcoming great American artists.

　　44. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

　　A. During its whole history, it sold 7, 000 prints.

　　B. The firm’s prints were especially popular in Europe.

　　C. The average number of prints from each picture was fewer than 7, 000.

　　D. Street vendors were among the firm’s most effective sale force.

　　45. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?

　　A. The issuing of a Currier & Ives print was of some interest to the American public.

　　B. Some of the best American artists of the day were employed by Currier &Ives.

　　C. The popularity of Currier & Ives prints did not end when the business closed.

　　D. Currier &Ives primary goal was to be remembered as patrons of the arts.

　　Passage 2

　　In 1997, Moscow, Russia, celebrated the 850th anniversary of its founding. In the more than eight centuries that Moscow has been a viable city, it has been characterized by waves of new construction. The most recent one is ongoing, as Moscow thrives as capital of the new Russia. The architecture of Moscow represents a hodgepodge (大杂絵)of styles, as 12th century forms mingle with elegant estates from the times of the Czars and functional structures that reflect the pragmatism (实用'注)of the Soviet era. As Moscow grows under a new system of government, there is concern that some of the city’s architectural history will be lost.

　　Moscow has a history of chaotic periods that ended with the destruction of the largely wooden city and the building of the “new” city on top of the ruins of the old. The result is a layered city, with each tier holding information about a part of Russia’s past. In some areas of the city, archaeologists have reached the layer from 1147, the year of Moscow’s founding. Russia has begun a huge attempt to salvage and preserve as much of Moscow’s past as possible. New building could destroy this history forever, but Moscow has decided on a different approach.

　　Recognizing that new building represents progress, and progress is necessary for the growth of the nation, new building is flourishing in Moscow. However, the Department of Preservation of Historical Monuments is insuring that building is done in a manner that respects the past. There are approximately 160 active archeological sites currently in Moscow; 5 000 buildings have been designated as protected locations.

　　One example of the work done by the Department of Preservation of Historical Monuments is Manege Square, which lies just west of the Kremlin. Throughout Moscow’s past, this Square has been a commercial district. In keeping with that history, the area will be developed as a modem shopping mall, complete with restaurants, theaters, casinos and a parking garage. Archaeologists working in Manege Square uncovered the commercial life of eight centuries. By excavating live meters deep, archaeologists provided a picture of the evolution of commercial Moscow.

　　Among the finds: wooden street pavement from the time of Ivan the Terrible (16th century), a wide cobblestone road from the era of Peter the Great (early 18th century), street paving from the reign of Catherine the Great (mid-to late 18th century) , and a wealthy merchant’s estate (19th century). Smaller finds — a belt and buckle, a gold chain, shoes, locks, and a horse harness — provide rich details about the lives of Muscovites of the past. Now Moscow, a city with more and more modem structures appearing all the time, remains largely distinguished by Byzantine cathedrals, 15th and 16th century stone buildings, and the elegant estates of the 18th and 19th centuries.

　　46. What is the meaning of the word “chaotic” (Para. 2, Line 1) in this passage?

　　A. Disordered. B. Unformed. C. Planetary. D. Distant.

　　47. From the information in Paragraph 2, we can infer that .

　　A. the people of Moscow are more interested in modernization than in preservation

　　B. the Soviet government destroyed many old buildings in keeping with an anti-czarist policy

　　C. there are very few 850-year-old cities in existence and fewer yet that preserve their past

　　D. Moscow has a history of invasions, with each new conqueror destroying the buildings of the previous regime

　　48. New buildings flourished in Moscow to .

　　A. bring back the old glory of the city B. destroy the old buildings

　　C. compensate with the old buildings D. represent progress

　　49. Which of the following assumptions most influenced the views expressed by the writer?

　　A. Generally speaking, people are more interested in building new structures than in saving old one.

　　B. Architectural history has little meaning to people struggling to form a new government.

　　C. Progress and preservation are equally important principles of urban planning.

　　D. Archaeologists and bureaucrats generally do not work well together.

　　50. Which of the following is TRUE of archaeologists in Moscow?

　　A. They have uncovered a great number of historically significant items, both large and small.

　　B. They operate under severe time constraints, as contractors wait to begin new buildings.

　　C. There are not nearly enough archaeological teams to conduct all the possible research.

　　D. They are concerned about preserving the artifacts of modes of transportation in particular.

　　Passage 3

　　As the English language has changed at a fast speed in the last century, so has the use of the English language. After the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was founded in 1927, the particular style of speech of the BBC announcers was recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English. Now, most people still consider that the pronunciation and delivery of BBC announcers is the clearest and most understandable spoken English.

　　English has had a strong association with class and social status. However, since the Second World War there has been a considerable change of attitude towards speech snobbery, and hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation. As the need has arisen, new words have been invented or found from other languages and incorporated into English. Similarly, old words and expressions have been discarded as their usefulness has diminished or the fashions have passed. This also happens to styles and modes of speech which became fashionable at a particular time and in specific circumstances.

　　By the end of the 1960s it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class but rather a defiant expression of classlessness. The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modem times is the American English. Over the last 25 years the English used by many people, particularly by those in the media, advertising and show business, has become more and more mid-Atlantic in style, delivery and accent.

　　In the 1970s, fashion favored careless pronunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and “in” words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world. What is considered modem and fashionable in Britain today is often not the kind of English taught in schools and colleges.

　　51. Which one of the following is NOT true?

　　A. The use of the English language has not changed much in the last century.

　　B. The BBC announcers speak Standard English.

　　C. English has no association with class and social status now.

　　D. Young people all speak English in the same way.

　　52. What does the author imply by saying there has been a considerable change of attitude towards speech snobbery(Para. 3) ?

　　A. People all speak English like BBC announcers.

　　B. There is a great change of attitude about how English should be spoken.

　　C. Some people still think their way of speaking is superior.

　　D. Most people don’t believe their way of speaking is superior.

　　53. According to the author, there was a trend in the U. S. for the young people .

　　A. to speak Standard English B. to speak English without class distinction

　　C. to speak English with class distinction D. to speak English with grammar mistakes

　　54. The word “prerogative” in the passage (Para. 5, Line 3) probably means •

　　A. preference B. exclusive right C. expression D. inborn ability

　　55. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　A. Standard English is taught in schools and colleges.

　　B. The young people are defiant because they refuse to speak Standard English.

　　C. English language is influenced by American English in the last 25 years.

　　D. There has been a great change in the English language in the last century.

　　Passage 4

　　One billion people in the world are short of water. How can this problem be solved? Some suggestions have been to desalinate (除去盐分)ocean water or to build enormous water pipelines from areas where water is abundant. Suggestions such as these prove extremely costly when they are actually used. One possibility that scientists are considering is pulling icebergs from either the North Pole or the South Pole to parts of the world with a water shortage. Although many questions must be answered before such a project could be tried, moving icebergs seems a reasonable possibility in the future. Engineers, mathematicians, and glaciologists (冰川学家)from a dozen countries have been considering the iceberg as a future source of water. Saudi Arabia is particularly interested in this project because it has a great water shortage. Scientists estimate that it would take 128 days to transport 狂 large

　　iceberg (about 1/2 miles square) to Saudi Arabia. Yet the iceberg would be completely melted by the 104th day. Therefore, insulation would be essential, but how to insulate the iceberg remains an unsolved problem. The problems in transporting an iceberg are numerous. The first problem is choosing the iceberg to pull. The icebergs that form in the North Pole are quite difficult to handle because of their shape. Only a small portion extends above the water — most of the iceberg is below the surface, which would make ; it difficult to pull. South Pole icebergs, on the other hand, are flat and float like table tops; thus, they would be much easier to move.

　　How can a 200 million-ton iceberg be moved? No ship is strong enough to pull such enormous weight through the water. Perhaps several ships could be used. Attaching ropes to an iceberg this size is also an enormous problem. Engineers think that large nails or long metal rods could be driven into the ice. What would happen if the iceberg split into several pieces during the pulling? Even if an iceberg with very few cracks were chosen, how could it be pulled through stormy waters? Furthermore, once the iceberg reached its destination, very few ports would be deep enough to store it.

　　All of these problems must be solved before icebergs can become a reasonable source of water. Yet scientists estimate that it will be possible to transport them in the near future. Each year, enough icebergs form to supply the whole world with fresh water for a full year. In addition, icebergs are free and nonpolluting. As a solution to the world’s water problems, icebergs may be a workable possibility.

　　56. Desalinating ocean water might be rejected as a means to provide fresh water in practice in that •

　　A. the technology is not advanced enough

　　B. it will cost a large sum of money

　　C. it is hard to transport the desalinated water

　　D. how to insulate the ocean water remains unsolved

　　57. Which of the following is a problem in transporting icebergs?

　　A. The size of the port. B. The salt in the water.

　　C. The temperature of the air and water. D. The salt in the iceberg.

　　58. Icebergs from the South Pole probably are easier to transport because .

　　A. most of the icebergs are below the surface B. they are flat and float like table tops

　　C. only a small portion shows above the waterD. they are closer to the areas that need water

　　59. From the passage, the word “insulation”(Para 2, Line 5) can be best explained as •

　　A. preventing the icebergs from the loss of heat

　　B. providing the icebergs with heat

　　C. separating the icebergs from heat

　　D. taking the icebergs away from the ocean

　　60. From the passage we can infer that .

　　A. scientists are optimistic about the possibility of using icebergs as a source of water

　　B. the chances of using the icebergs as a source of water are slim

　　C. there are too many problems to be solved as to using icebergs as a source of water

　　D. it is just a fantasy for human to transport icebergs to the places short of fresh water

　　Passage 5

　　The gift of being able to describe a face accurately is a rare one, as every experienced police officer knows to his cost. As the Lancet put it recently, “When we try to describe faces precisely words fail us, and we resort to identikit (拼脸型图)procedures. ” Yet, according to one authority on the subject, we can each probably recognize more than 1, 000

　　faces, the majority of which differ in fine details. This, when one comes to think of it, is a tremendous feat. Though, curiously enough, relatively little attention has been devoted to the fundamental problems of how and why we acquire this gift for recognizing and remembering faces. Is it an inborn property of our brains, or an acquired one? As so often happens, the experts tend to differ.

　　Thus, some argue that it is inborn, and that there are “special characteristics about the brain’s ability to distinguish faces”. In support of this thesis they note how much better we are at recognizing a face after a single encounter than we are, for example, in recognizing an individual horse. On the other hand, there are those, and they are probably in the majority, who claim that the gift is an acquired one. The arguments in favor of this latter view, it must be confessed, are impressive. It is a habit that is acquired soon after birth. Watch, for instance, how a quite young baby recognizes his mother by sight. Granted that his mother senses help 一 the sound of her voice, his sense of smell，the distinctive way

　　she handles him. But of all these, sight is predominant. Formed at the very beginning of life, the ability to recognize faces quickly becomes an established habit, and one that is essential for daily living, if not necessary for survival. How essential and valuable it is we probably do not appreciate until we encounter people who have been deprived of the faculty.

　　This unfortunate inability to recognize familiar faces is known to all, but such people can often recognize individuals by their voices, their walking manners or their spectacles (目艮镜).With typical human ingenuity many of these unfortunate people overcome their handicap by recognizing other characteristic features.

　　61. It is stated in the passage that .

　　A. it is unusual for a person to be able to identify a face satisfactorily

　　B. the ability to recognize faces unhesitatingly is an unusual gift

　　C. quite a few people can visualize faces they have seen

　　D. few people can give exact details of the appearance of a face

　　62. What the author feels strange about is that people .

　　A. have the tremendous ability to recognize more than 1, 000 faces

　　B. don’t think much of the problem of how and why we acquire the ability to recognize and remember faces

　　C. don’t realize how essential and valuable it is for them to have the ability to recognize faces

　　D. have been arguing much over the way people recognize and remember faces

　　63. What is the first suggested explanation of the origin of the ability?

　　A. It is one of the characteristics peculiar to human beings.

　　B. It is acquired soon after birth.

　　C. It is something we can do from the very moment we are bom.

　　D. It is learned from our environment and experience.

　　64. According to the passage, how important is the ability to recognize faces?

　　A. It is useful in daily life but is not necessarily essential.

　　B. Its absence would make normal everyday life impossible.

　　C. Under certain circumstances we could not exist without it.

　　D. Normal social life would be difficult without it.

　　65. This passage seems to emphasize that .

　　A. the ability to recognize individuals is dependent on other senses as well as sight

　　B. sight is indispensable to recognize individuals

　　C. the ability to recognize faces is a special inborn ability of the brain

　　D. the importance of the ability of recognizing faces is fully appreciated by people

　　Passage 6

　　Insects have inhabited the earth for well over 300 million years, and during that time they have evolved into an almost unbelievable variety of species. The astronomical numbers involved in any discussion of the insect world are difficult for the imagination to grasp. There are probably more than a million different species of them, compared with a mere 20, 000 species of all other animals, and according to the best estimates roughly 1, 018 individual insects are living at any given time.

　　Most insects are completely harmless to man, and many are directly beneficial. Only about one- tenth of one percent of the insect world consists of species harmful to man, but throughout human history these have been a persistent threat. Many infectious diseases are transmitted to man by insects. Perhaps even more important, insects are man’s principal competitors ( indeed his only serious competitors) for food. Nearly 40 percent of the world’s food crops is destroyed by insects each year.

　　The battle against harmful insects has been fought for thousands of years, but man has never gained more than a transitory advantage. Whenever man has concentrated in significant numbers and practiced any form of agriculture, the insect population has inevitably risen because man’s crops and domesticated animals have provided a rich source of food for them. Efforts to reduce or eliminate harmful insect populations are on record from as far back as 1, 000 B. C. An uneasy balance has occasionally been abandoned to the insects in hopes that the remaining yield would be sufficient for human needs.

　　Whenever various circumstances, including man’s own mismanagement of the environment, have upset this balance and allowed the insect population to explode, the result has been a graphic demonstration of man’s inability to attain mastery over insects. The methods employed to control the growth of undesirable insects can be classified as biological,

　　chemical, cultural, reproductive, mechanical and physical control. None of the above types of control, used by itself, has ever proved to be more than a temporary solution to the insect problem, but an integrated approach utilizing combinations of these methods can keep insect populations down to a point where farming remains economical. No method, however, offers any hope that unwanted insects will ever be eliminated altogether.

　　66. According to the passage, there are probably more than different species of insects.

　　A. 1, 018 B. 20, 000 C. a million D. 300 million

　　67. Which one of the following is NOT true?

　　A. Most insects are beneficial, but some are completely harmful to man.

　　B. Insects transmit many infectious diseases to man.

　　C. A large percentage of food crops is destroyed by insects each year.

　　D. Insects have evolved very quickly during the last 300 million years.

　　68. The word “transitory” (Para. 3，Line 2) in the passage means •

　　A. eternal B. temporary C. great D. a little

　　69. According to the passage，we can achieve occasional balance .

　　A. if we give up practicing any form of agriculture

　　B. if we give up a certain percentage of each crop to the insects

　　C. if we make great efforts to reduce insect populations like what we did in 1，000 B. C.

　　D. if we allow the insect population to explode

　　70. According to the last paragraph， •

　　A. we have no methods to control insects

　　B. we can eliminate the unwanted insects altogether

　　C. we can keep insect populations down by using the combinations of the methods

　　D. we have no hope of controlling the unwanted insects at all

　　Part HI Cloze (25%)

　　Section A (10%)

　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist 71 and attracts over three million visitors a year.

　　It was originally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England 72 the time of James I who 73 from 1603 to 1625, but is best known as a prison and 74 place Tower. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors 75 ，spies shot, and Queens of England 76 . One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VI. He wanted to 77 her because she could not give him a son, so he 78 her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, 79 the usual axe, which can still be seen in the Tower. The Tower was also the 80 of one of London’s most famous mysteries. King Edward IV died in 1483. His elder son, Edward, became king 81 his father’s death. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke of Gloucester, his protector, persuaded Edward’s brother, Richard, to come and live there so that they could play together. But then the Duke 82 that he was the new king, and he was crowned 83 the twelve-year-old Edward, 84 himself Richard III. After that, the boys were seen less and less and 85 disappeared. It is said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being 86 their mouths. It is believed that Richard III 87 their deaths, although it has never been 88 . In 1674, workmen at the Tower discovered two skeletons which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The 89 were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, 90 the age of the Princes.

　　71. A. seats B. scenes C. grounds D. sights

　　72. A. until B. by C. to D. at

　　73. A. reigned B. reined C. powered D. controlled

　　74. A. extermination B. excursion C. exhaustion D. execution

　　75. A. ruined B. destroyed C. tortured D. wounded

　　76. A. headed B. heated C. beheaded D. forehanded

　　77. A. get away with B. get rid of C. get done with D. get down on

　　78. A. claimed B. accused C. accustomed D. charged

　　79. A. apart from B. besides C. together D. rather than

　　80. A. region B. scene C. place D. area

　　81. A. on B. at C. with D. by

　　82. A. revealed B. announced C. pronounced D. advertised

　　83. A. instead of B. in front of C. in presence of D. in honor of

　　84. A. naming B. proclaiming C. calling D. giving

　　85. A. eventually B. later C. lastly D. completely

　　86. A. forced into B. squeezed forth C. pressed over D. put on

　　87. A. has been given B. has been ordered C. ordered D. has been ordering

　　88. A. approved B. proved C. reproved D. disproved

　　89. A. remains B. corpses C. bones D. bodies

　　90. A. definitely B. roughly C. possibly D. certainly

　　Section B (15%)

　　Directions: Choose one appropriate word from the following word bank to fill in the blank numbered from 91 to 105 in the passage below. Change the word form where necessary. Remember the bank contains some extra words that may not be used in filling in any of the blanks. Write the words in their correct forms with the corresponding numbers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

　　Criticism of human space flight comes from many quarters. Some critics point to the high 91 of manned missions. They contend that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a full slate of tasks to accomplish and that human space flight is draining 92 from more important missions. Other critics question the scientific value of sending people into space. Their argument is that human space flight is a(n) 93 “stunt” and that scientific goals can be more easily and satisfactorily accomplished by 94 spacecraft.

　　But the actual experience of astronauts and cosmonauts over the past 40 years has decisively shown the merits of people as 95 of space. Human capability is required in space to install and maintain complex scientific instruments and to conduct field exploration. These tasks take advantage of human 96 experience and judgment. They demand skills that are unlikely to be automated within the foreseeable future. A program of purely robotic exploration is 97 in addressing the important scientific issues that make the planets worthy of detailed study.

　　Many of the scientific instruments sent into space 98 careful emplacement (放置)and alignment ( S•列)to work properly. Astronauts have successfully deployed instruments in Earth orbit and on the surface of Earth’s moon. In the case of the 99 telescope, the repair of the originally flawed instrument and its continued maintenance has been ably accomplished by space shuttle 100 on servicing missions. From 1969 to 1972 the Apollo astronauts carefully set up and aligned a variety of experiments on the lunar surface, which provided scientists with a detailed 101 of the moon’s interior by measuring seismic (地震的)activity and heat flow. These experiments operated flawlessly for eight years until shut down in 1977 for fiscal rather than technical 102 Elaborate robotic techniques have been envisioned to allow the remote emplacement of instruments on planets or moons. 103 , surface rovers could conceivably install a network of seismic monitors. But these techniques have yet to be 104 in actual space operations. Very sensitive instruments cannot tolerate the rough handling of robotics deployment. Thus, the 105 versions of such networks would very likely have lower sensitivity and capability than their human-deployed counterparts do.

　　Part IV Writing (25%)

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 45 minutes to write a short essay of about 300 words on the topic below. Give a title to your essay, and write the essay on the ANSWER SHEET (2) only.

　　Privatized companies have been a trend. When being encountered with economic crisis and the corresponding downward employment rate, many university graduates choose to have their own company, i. e. to be their own boss. Would you like to be self-employed some day? Why or Why not?

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