2005年上海交大考博英语真题

Pssage Four

Our understanding of cities in anything morethan casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form andstructure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way tobegin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, inany case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures asbeing resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,thisonly has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away.Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences orengineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and socialstructures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanationsfrom cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and inprevious editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to ourtheories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on theintrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply aconventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes thatlead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functionsdetermining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,ratherthan any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer termchange subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen assimply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities tobe built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thesstandpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,itsexplanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert andlong lasting.

76.We ,according to thepassage,tend to observe cities

A.chronologically B.longitudinally C.sporadically D.horizontally

77.we think about a city as____

A.a spatial event B.a symbolica world

C.a social environment D.an intertelated system

78.Cross-sectional studies showthat cities ____

A.are structured in three dimensios B.are transformed rapidly in any aspect

C.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy time

D.changeslowly in spatial and social structrues

79.The author is drawing ourattention to ____

A.the equilibrium of urban spatialstructures

B.the intrinsic dynamics of urban change

C.the fixed spatial infrastructure D.all of the above

80.The conventional notion,theaurhor contends,____

A.presents the inherent nature of a city

B.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructures

C.places an emphasis on lesser cycles oftime

D.hinders the physical change of urbanstructure

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