清华大学2003年考博英语真题及答案解析

　　

　　Part Ⅴ Writing

　　

　　As China has joined WTO, it will bring about some positive and negative effects on various fields including economy, agriculture, industry, banking, etc. Education should be regarded as one of these fields, which will be influenced likewise. In my opinion, the influence on Ph. D programs in China will be as follows:

　　There will be, I think, three positive effects. First, Ph. D programs in China will be more open and there will be more joint programs, which will be beneficial to Ph. D candidates because they will be easily exposed to what is happening in foreign countries. Second, there will be competition among Ph. D programs. That means, the best students will be able to participate in the excellent programs. The last one is that something new will be brought into our programs, which will make our programs closer to the frontiers in various research projects.

　　There is only one negative effect as far as I am concerned now. If some foreign programs enter China powerfully, it will cause brain drawn. Some top talents whom the country needs, will go abroad very easily and will not return.

　　Anyhow, I believe that China's entry into WTO will be beneficial to Ph. D education in China. 

　　

　　SCRIPT

　　

　　Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension

　　

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, you will hear three people discussing university life. Listen to the discussion about reading assignments, essays, lectures, and seminars. Complete the table by writing in the difficulties they have with reading, writing essays, listening to lectures and having seminars. Write no more than three words for each answer. Circle the letters of your choices for questions 9 and 10. You will hear the recording twice.

　　Lisa: Oh, hello, Olaf, I haven't seen you for ages. How are things going?

　　Olaf: Hello, Lisa. Hi, Sasha. Well, it's great studying here, but some things take quite a bit of getting used to. It's not like studying in my country.

　　Sasha: Oh, I know! In my country we used to go to lectures and get the lecturer's notes, and then we'd use those to write our essays. Here, we have to read so much. I just can't keep up with it all. How do you find the reading, Lisa?

　　Lisa: Well, I agree, there is a lot to read. But I don't mind that. In fact, I like the reading. My problem is that I want to read more and more, and there isn't the time. And that creates a problem with the essays for me. Look at this assignment, for example. I'm supposed to discuss rational choice models for my economics essays in three thousand words. I could write a book on that topic! How am I supposed to cover it in just three thousand words? Why do they have to impose a word limit, anyhow?

　　Olaf: Well, Lisa, remember, it's just an undergraduate essay. I know what Sasha means about having too much to read. I think the most difficult thing with the reading for me, though, isn't the quantity, but all the new words. Words like “hegemony” and “teleology” that you need to understand thoroughly. I'm always being told by my tutors that I'm using them wrongly in my essays. And when I try to use them in the same way as the reading, my tutors say it's plagiarism.

　　Sasha: I have a problem like that, too. You know, listen to the lectures and read the books and articles, and then you're supposed to come up with you own ideas for the essays! You're so full of everyone else's ideas, where are you going to get your own from? I spend hours planning an essay, and by the time I get to actually writing it all down, the deadline is up! I'm always having to ask for an extension. What about you, Lisa? You usually get good marks for your essays.

　　Lisa: Yes, that's true, but I'm always doing the final draft in a hurry, and then the teachers complain that they can't read my handwriting. And that's another thing I never seem to manage enough time for my lectures. And they're always so early in the morning. I can't ever get out of bed in time for a nine o'clock lecture.

　　Olaf: Well, isn't that because you go to so many parties, Lisa? If you don't get home until one or two in the morning, how can you ever expect to be awake for a lecture?

　　Sasha: If you ask me, that wouldn't make any difference! Most of the lecturers are so boring, they put you to sleep anyhow! Why can't they make the lectures more interesting? After all, a lot of the subjects are fascinating, but the lecturers, hake them sound boring.

　　Lisa: At least you can't say that about seminars. They're really interesting, and I think I get most benefit from them. You always find the other students have read different books and articles, and so you get lots of new information in a seminar.

　　Olaf: Yes, that's true, Lisa, but I still don't enjoy them because people disagree with each other all the time, and I don't like that. I don't like to hear people arguing. It really bothers me!

　　Sasha: Oh, Olaf! You're supposed to argue in a seminar! And I really appreciate the chance to do that. Where I come from, women aren't supposed to argue or answer back. I do have to admit, however, that I get very nervous about having to give presentations. You know, when you have to read a paper, that's really scary!

　　Lisa: Oh, Sasha, I can't believe that. That last paper you gave was so professional. In fact, I think you could do a better job than the lecturers.

　　

　　Section B

　　

　　Directions: In this section, you will hear a long talk about nonverbal communication. As you listen to the talk, you should take brief notes to answer the five questions below. Try to answer the questions as clearly as possible. Remember, you may have different answers to some of the questions. You will hear the recording once only.

　　M: This is the kind of lecture you would hear in an introductory psychology course. This lecture is concerned with nonverbal communication and how it differs from verbal communication.

　　

　　Part 1

　　

　　W: Okay, everyone, let's talk about communication. When I say communication, most of you probably think about verbal communication, that is, the words we use when we talk to someone. However, there is another important aspect to communication: nonverbal communication, which is communication done by using our bodies, gestures and tones of voice.

　　What is nonverbal communication, and how do we study it? Originally, scientists called this field “kinesics.” That's spelled K-I-N-E-S-I-C-S. This may be a new word for you. Kinesics is the scientific study of body movements used in communication. By movements, I mean gestures, facial expressions, eye behavior, the gaze of the eyes, and posture. In addition to these movements, we also communicate with our speech rate, that is, how fast we talk, and the volume of our speech: how loudly we talk. Nonverbal communication encompasses a wide range of actions. Umm...the field of kinesics owes a great deal to one man, Raymond Birdwhistle. His name is Bird whistle, B-I-R-D-W-H-I-S-T-L-E. Birdwhistle was quite a famous American anthropologist. He estimated that about 70% of what is communicated in a conversation is nonverbal. Birdwhistle began his studies of nonverbal communication in the early 1950s. And, since he established this field of study, many other and psychologists have devoted their time to nonverbal communication. In any case, let's look more hlosely at some of Birdwhistle's ideas.

　　It was Birdwhistle's belief that the meaning of nonverbal behavior depended on the context in which it occurred. How and where certain types of nonverbal behavior appeared, not just the particular behavior alone. Take facial expressions, for example: frowns, smiles, raised eyebrows, and so on. We all use these thing to convey many different meanings. However, those meanings are determined largely by the situations that we are in, and by the relationships we have with the people we are communicating with. In other words, the same expressions, say a smile or a frown, can have different meanings.

　　What does a smile mean? What does it mean if I smile at you? Well, it could mean that I like you. It could mean I'm just trying to make you feel comfortable. That might be a way of being polite. It might mean I think you said something silly or funny. That would be a kind of feedback.

　　

　　Stop the tape and answer the questions.

　　

　　M: Let's continue with Part 2, in which we will hear about three differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.

　　

　　Part 2

　　

　　W: Next, let's take a few minutes to explain how verbal and nonverbal communication differs.

　　Actually, I would like to go into five different points. The first point I would like to discuss is that spoken languages differ between countries, or even from one place to another within the same country. Most people seem to think that all nonverbal communication is the same everywhere. That is not true. It is not identical the word over, but some similarities do exist. Basic emotions are, however, communicated in the same nonverbal way throughout the world. Accordingly, these emotions are called universal emotions. Examples include emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, things like that. Humans from different cultures express these emotions in the same nonverbal ways. Fear, for example, is universally expressed by opening the eyes very wide, opening the mouth and so on. Although we do have these universal emotions, it's also important to note that many nonverbal expressions of ideas and protocol do often vary from one culture to the next. Think about how people from different cultures act when they meet for the first time. This type of greeting is done very differently, depending on where they are. In some cultures, people shake hands, while in others, people bow. Some people may hug, and yet others may make a particular hand gesture when they first meet.

　　Second, although we know a great deal about the system that spoken language uses, namely, grammar, we still do not know much about nonverbal rules in any one society, much less how the rules might interact across cultures. In other words, scientists have yet to fully understand the grammar of nonverbal communication. A big problem in figuring out this nonverbal grammar is that it is ambiguous. As Bird-whistle said in the 50s, the same nonverbal action can mean many different things depending on the situation or the culture. This is not as much of a problem in spoken language, because it is less ambiguous Nonverbal communication may never be fully understood.

　　The third difference is that we have dictionaries for spoken language where we can look up any unknown word and have the meaning explained to us. There is nothing like that for nonverbal communication. Let's look at an example. If you go to a foreign country, and somebody makes a gesture with their hand that you don't understand, can you check a book for the meaning of that gesture? Generally speaking, it is impossible. Dictionaries or reference books for these nonverbal meanings just don't exist. Sometimes the same gesture even has different meanings in different cultures. Here in the United States, we make a circle with our thumb and first finger, and this means “OK”. In Japan, this means “money.” And in South America, this gesture has a sexual meaning. There's funny, or actually embarrassing story about this particular gesture.

　　

　　Stop the tape and answer the questions.

　　

　　M: Let's continue with Part 3, in which we'll hear about the last two differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.

　　

　　Part 3

　　

　　W: Now, let's go on to the fourth difference, clarification. Although we can ask of clarification or repetition of what someone says, it is practically impossible to do the same with nonverbal communication. For example, it would be very strange to ask, “Could you repeat that smile again?” Or, “What does that facial expression mean?” Thus we have to understand nonverbals the first time. Repetition is generally not a possibility.

　　To finish up, although we can conceal our true thoughts and feelings with spoken language, it's difficult, or maybe even impossible to do so with nonverbal communication. For instance, we can't stop ourselves from blushing if we're embarrassed, or sweating if we're very nervous. And we can't slow down our heartbeat if we're scared. Because of this, sometimes the things we say and the things our bodies say, our verbal and nonverbal communication, are different.

　　Let's take an easy example. You see your friend, who is sweating and looking very worried. So you ask, “What's wrong?” Your friend answers, “Nothing.” Do you believe him? Of course not. When this happens, we will always believe the nonverbal communication. Nonverbals are more hnest, you see. 

　　Okay, uh, so, to sum up, we looked at five differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. The first was the idea that nonverbal communication is more natural, more universal, than verbal communication. Secondly, we don't know much about the system, or grammar, of nonverbal communication. The third point was we don't have dictionaries to explain the meaning of nonverbals. Next number four has to do with the idea of repetition. It's more difficult or maybe impossible to ask someone to repeat or clarify a gesture or facial expression. And, lastly, we need to remember that nonverbal communication is more honest than verbal communication. Our eyes or our faces will give away our real feelings.

　　All right, I think that pretty well covers it. Are there any questions now?

2023考博精品好课，点击图片查看介绍！