南开大学2013年考博英语真题

　　医学博士英语统一考试之后，即将迎来各院校的考博英语初试，英语考试的备考，参考历年真题是一个很重要的备考过程，今天新东方在线小编给大家整理了南开大学2013年考博英语真题，帮助大家更好的备考，考博英语考试，一起来看看吧!

全国院校考博英语历年真题汇总

　　Part II Vocabulary (10 points)

　　Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE word or phrase that best complete the meaning of the item. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

　　1. You shouldn’t go to work today, it is raining so hard. you still have a temperature.

　　A. Therefore B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Despite

　　2. He tried to cope with the ever-increasing burden of his work, but finally he and had to take a complete rest.

　　A. broke away B. broke off C. broke up D. broke down

　　3. Science and technology actually help to the useful and pleasant parts of traditional culture.

　　A. preserve B. prevail C. reserve D. precede

　　4. Both television commercials and programs present view of the material world, one which promotes a standard of living that most of us can probably not attain.

　　A. a standardized B. an unrealistic C. a better D. an interesting

　　5. A(n) entrepreneur will seek success farther afield and will risk more in the research than his more timid competitors.

　　A. adventurous B. progressive C. aggressive D. impulsive

　　6. These small companies now have their own identity.

　　A. discreet B. discrete C. separated D. isolated

　　7. The ancient Greeks had the notion of science as methodical knowledge, and universally valid.

　　A. compellingly certain B. compel certain

　　C. complete certain D. very sure

　　8. You have lived in many foreign countries so I’d expect you to have some sort of people who have just arrived here.

　　A. love for B. concern for C. sympathy for D. empathy for

　　9. The liberal arts education asks that we confront our unexamined world view with historical understanding, new theories and intercultural •

　　A. prospects B. perspectives C. aspects D. respects

　　10. To plagiarize is simply “to use without credit the ideas, expressions, or productions

　　of (another)，” and this is remarkably easy to do unintentionally.

　　A. due B. necessary C. important D. vital

　　11. Hotel rooms must be by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter.

　　A. departed B. abandoned C. vacated D. displaced

　　12. The main road through Littlebury was blocked for three hours today after an accident two lorries.

　　A. involving B. including C. combining D. containing

　　13. It will take us twenty minutes to get to the railway station, traffic delays.

　　A. affording B. accounting for C. allowing for D. acknowledging

　　14. I think you can take a(n) language course to improve your English.

　　A. middle B. intermediate C. medium D. average

　　15. The new colleague to have worked in several big corporations before he joined our company.

　　A. confirms B. declares C. confesses D. claims

　　16. Reporters and photographers alike took great at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.

　　A. annoyance B. offence C. resentment D. irritation

　　17. The discovery of new oil■打elds in various parts of the country filled the government with hope.

　　A. eternal B. everlasting C. ceaseless D. infinite

　　18. The diversity of tropical plants in the region represents a seemingly source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.

　　A. inexhaustible B. exploited C. remarkable D. controversial

　　19. You must let me have the annual report without by ten o’clock tomorrow morning.

　　A. failure B. hesitation C. trouble D. fail

　　20. Rite of Passage is a good novel by any standards: it should rank high on any list of science fiction.

　　A. consistently B. consequently C. invariably D. fortunately

　　Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)

　　Directions •• There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

　　Passage 1

　　Anyone who trains animals recognizes that human and animal perceptual capacities are different. For most humans, seeing is believing, although we do occasionally brood about whether we can believe our eyes. The other senses are largely ancillary ; most of us do not know how we might go about either doubting or believing our noses. But for dogs, scenting is believing. A dog’s nose is to ours as the wrinkled surface of our complex brain is to the surface of an egg. A dog who did comparative psychology might easily worry about our consciousness or lack thereof, just as we worry about the consciousness of a squid.

　　We who take sight for granted can draw pictures of scent, but we have no language for doing it the other way about, no way to represent something visually familiar by means of actual scent. Most humans cannot know, with their limited noses, what they can imagine about being deaf, blind, mute,

　　or paralyzed. The sighted can, for example, speak of a blind person as “in the darkness，” but there is no corollary expression for what it is that we are in relationship to scent. If we tried to coin words，we might come up with something like “ scent-blind. ’’ But what would it mean? It couldn’t have the sort of meaning that “color-blind” and “tone-deaf” do, because most of us have experienced what “tone” and “color” mean in those expressions, but we don’t know what “scent” means in the expression uscent- blind. Scent for many of us can be only a theoretical, technical expression that we use because our grammar requires that we have a noun to go in the sentences we are prompted to utter about animals， tracking. We don’t have a sense of scent. What we do have is a sense of smell—for Thanksgiving dinner and skunks and a number of things we call chemicals.

　　So if Fido and I are sitting on the terrace, admiring the view, we inhabit worlds with radically different principles of phenomenology. Say that the wind is to our backs. Our world lies all before us, within a 180 degree angle. The dog’s—well, we don’t know, do we? He sees roughly the same things that I see but he believes the scents of the garden behind us. He marks the path of the black-and white cat as she moves among the roses in search of the bits of chicken sandwich I let fall as I walked from the house to our picnic spot. I can show that Fido is alert to the kitty, but not how, for my picture-making modes of thought too easily supply falsifyingly literal representations of the cat and the garden and their modes of being hidden from or revealed to me.

　　21. The phrase “The other senses are largely ancillary” (Paragraph 1) is used by the author to suggest that .

　　A. only those events experienced directly can be appreciated by the senses

　　B. for many human beings the sense of sight is the primary means of knowing about the world

　　C. smell is in many respects a more powerful sense than sight

　　D. people rely on at least one of their other senses in order to confirm with what they see

　　22. The example in the last paragraph suggests that “principles of phenomenology” mentioned in Paragraph 3 can best be defined as •

　　A. rules one uses to determine the philosophical truth about a certain thing

　　B. behaviors caused by certain kinds of perception

　　C. ways and means of knowing about something

　　D. effect of single individual’s perception on what others believe

　　23. The missing phrase in the incomplete sentence “The dog’s—well, we don’t know, do we?” refers to .

　　A. color blindness B. perception of the world

　　C. concern for our perception D. depth perception

　　24. The example in the last paragraph is used to illustrate how .

　　A. a dog’s perception differs from a human’s

　　B. people fear nature but animals are part of it

　　C. a dog’s ways of seeing are superior to a cat’s

　　D. phenomenology is universal and constant

　　Passage 2

　　Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients—to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy. What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer? If he asks, should the doctor deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake. In their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote： “Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s

　　sake, and that is, as far as possible 4 do no harm,. ” Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will “do no harm” and may well help their patients. But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness.

　　Not only do lies not provide the “help” hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception, they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health. Lies also do harms to those who tell them： harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine”，and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.

　　25. Doctors think that lying to their patients is .

　　A. a medical tradition B. to harm their own integrity

　　C. to defend medicine D. uttering the truth for truth’s sake

　　26. Most patients think that being told the truth of their illness may .

　　A. slow down recovery B. lead to suicide in some cases

　　C. be too hard for them to accept D. help deal with illness

　　27. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the author?

　　A. Doctors are often in a dilemma as to tell the patient his real condition of health.

　　B. Doctors’ reluctance to tell patient truth has no real support in reality.

　　C. Doctors’ lies are different from that of lawyers and government officials.

　　D. Doctors and patients hold different views about telling truth.

　　28. What is the author’s attitude towards doctors?

　　A. realistic B. praising C. objective D. appreciative

　　Passage 3

　　The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U. S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples. It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations.

　　We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce ; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone. These circumstances—women working outside the home and the instability of marriage一tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world，a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century. Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and

　　1999 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.

　　29. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is .

　　A. highly paid jobs B. women’s desire for independence

　　C. expenses of child raising D. high divorce rate

　　30. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive” implies that .

　　A. food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive

　　B. prices are going up dramatically all the time

　　C. to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs

　　D. social development has made child-raising inexpensive

　　31. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is •

　　A. birth control B. the desire to seek fortune in cities

　　C. the instability of marriage D. the changed place of women

　　32. The population in the new century, according to the writer, .

　　A. will be smaller than a few years ago

　　B. will not be as small as people expect

　　C. will prove to be a threat to the world

　　D. will not continue as serious a problem as expected

　　Passage 4

　　However important we regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.

　　Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matter as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics. Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.

　　To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis. If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work. Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards

　　at home.

　　What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom. In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.

　　33. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that .

　　A. home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parents

　　B. teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school

　　C. there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home

　　D. parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives

　　34. It can reasonably be inferred that the author .

　　A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and school

　　B. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program

　　C. feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present

　　D. is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation

　　35. We may infer that the writer of this article does not favor •

　　A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studies

　　B. written communications to the parent from the teacher

　　C. having the parents observe lessons which the children are being taught

　　D. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferences

　　Passage 5

　　Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new

　　principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso’s painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form. This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes established a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field, the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the opera of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

　　36. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the •

　　A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation

　　B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience

　　C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular

　　D. result of highly creative scientific activity

　　37. The author implies that Beethoven’s music was strikingly original because Beethoven •

　　A. strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limits

　　B. fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategy

　　C. embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded him

　　D. manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in highly innovative fashion

　　38. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are .

　　A. unjustifiably ignored by most of musicologists today

　　B. not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value

　　C. musical works with popular historical themes

　　D. examples of musical works with new principle of organization

　　39. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

　　A. deep skepticism B. strong indignation

　　C. marked indifference D. moderate amusement

　　40. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that .

　　A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

　　B. does not relegate particulars to the role of data

　　C. introduces a new valid generalization

　　D. presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

　　Part IV Cloze (15 points)

　　Directions: There are fifteen blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

　　Green means healthy outside of hospitals, too. Office workers with nature views are more 41 about their jobs, less frustrated, in better health and more satisfied with their 42 , according to one study. According to another, prison inmates whose cells looked out on farm fields needed far less health care than those whose cells faced a 43 internal courtyard. Psychologists have found that exposure 44 trees, streams and other natural features improves concentration, creativity and emotional functioning. In one study. Frances Kuo, PhD, a psychologist who 45 the Landscape and Human

　　Health Laboratory at the University of Illinois, and her colleagues showed that 20-minute walks across leafy city parks eases ADHD 46 in kids. A few years ago, Kuo and her research partners tested children in a high-rise Chicago public-housing project to see if a view of nature from their apartments

　　helped them psychologically. 47 with girls who looked out on brick and asphalt, girls who saw trees from their windows concentrated better, acted less 48 and were more able to delay gratification. That 49 better self-discipline, Kuo says, which could help girls better handle the 50 that come their way as they grow up in the projects. The Illinois researchers also showed that areas of the public-housing project with trees and grass had lower levels of crime, 51 violence, noise, litter and graffiti (涂鸦).“When you put all these things together, it’s a picture of a healthier neighborhood,” Kuo say. Greener neighborhoods may even improve the 52 physical health of their residents. Dutch scientists cross checked the self-reported health of 10, 000 people with the greenness of their neighborhoods. After 53 for their income, age and other factors that affect health, they found that people in greener neighborhoods were healthier. In another study, elderly Tokyo residents were significantly more likely to survive 54 another five years if their neighborhood 55 walkable parks and tree-lined streets.

　　41. A. keen B. eager C. zealous D. enthusiastic

　　42. A. lives B. alive C. live D. living

　　43. A. blight B. bleak C. bleach D. blemished

　　44. A. for B. to C. from D. at

　　45. A. directs B. improves C. helps D. satisfies

　　46. A. frustration B. features C. emotions D. symptoms

　　47. A. Comparing B. Compare C. Compared D. To compare

　　48. A. inpulsively B. dispulsively C. impulsively D. impulsively

　　49. A. amount up to B. adds up to C. is up to D. lives up to

　　50. A. challenges B. career C. professions D. task

　　51. A. domestic B. forensic C. explicit D. metropolitan

　　52. A. totally B. partial C. overall D. whole

　　53. A. account B. accounting C. accounted D. having accounting

　　54. A. from B. in C. up D. for

　　55. A. retained B. attained C. detained D. contained

　　Part V Writing (20 points)

　　Topic: Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use

　　specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Your composition should be no less than 200 words.

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